Immigration measures such as deportation are currently not regarded as punitive and there has been little exploration of this from a legal perspective. This paper will consider this issue in depth, covering little discussed case law from the European Court of Human Rights. It will also explore how this legal position on deportation does not reflect the findings of other disciplines such as criminology and sociology on how immigration measures are used and experienced as punitive. This paper will build on existing literature by demonstrating the significance of a recent development in UK law to this debate. Section 47 of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 (NBA 2022) introduced a ‘stop the clock’ provision into the Early Removal Scheme for foreign national prisoners. This new provision may prompt the judiciary to revisit the question of whether deportation is punitive in some contexts.

中文翻译：

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重新审视驱逐出境的惩罚性

驱逐出境等移民措施目前不被视为惩罚性的，也很少从法律角度对此进行探索。本文将深入探讨这一问题，涵盖很少讨论的欧洲人权法院判例法。它还将探讨这种关于驱逐出境的法律立场如何不反映其他学科（例如犯罪学和社会学）关于移民措施如何被使用和被视为惩罚性的研究结果。本文将以现有文献为基础，论证英国法律的最新发展对这场辩论的重要性。《2022 年国籍与边境法》(NBA 2022) 第 47 条在针对外国囚犯的提前遣返计划中引入了“停止计时”条款。这项新规定可能会促使司法部门重新审视驱逐出境在某些情况下是否具有惩罚性的问题。