The presence of a microbiome in the urinary system has been established through recent advancements in technology and investigation of microbial communities in the human body. The study of the taxonomic and genomic ecology of microbial communities has been greatly improved by the use of metagenomics. The research in this area has expanded our understanding of microbial ecosystems and shows that the urinary tract contains over 100 species from over 50 genera, with , and being the most common. Previous studies have suggested that the microbiota in the urinary tract may play a role in carcinogenesis by causing chronic inflammation and genotoxicity, but more research is needed to reach a definite conclusion. This is a narrative review. We conducted a search for relevant publications by using the databases Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was based on keywords such as “urinary microbiome,” “bladder cancer,” “carcinogenesis,” “urothelial carcinoma,” and “next-generation sequencing.” The retrieved publications were then reviewed to study the contribution of the urinary microbiome in the development of bladder cancer. The results have been categorized into four sections to enhance understanding of the urinary microbiome and to highlight its role in the emergence of bladder cancer through alterations in the immune response that involve T-cells and antibodies. The immune system and microbiome play crucial roles in maintaining health and preventing disease. Manipulating the immune system is a key aspect of various cancer treatments, and certain gut bacteria have been linked to positive responses to immunotherapies. However, the impact of these treatments on the urinary microbiome, and how diet and lifestyle affect it, are not well understood. Research in this area could have significant implications for improving bladder cancer treatment and patient outcomes.

中文翻译：

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膀胱癌和泌尿微生物组——新见解和未来方向：综述

通过最近的技术进步和对人体微生物群落的研究，已经确定泌尿系统中存在微生物组。宏基因组学的使用极大地改善了微生物群落的分类学和基因组生态学的研究。该领域的研究拓展了我们对微生物生态系统的认识，并表明泌尿道包含 50 多个属、100 多个物种，其中 、 和 是最常见的。先前的研究表明，泌尿道中的微生物群可能通过引起慢性炎症和基因毒性而在致癌过程中发挥作用，但还需要更多的研究才能得出明确的结论。这是一篇叙述性评论。我们使用 Medline/PubMed 和 Google Scholar 数据库检索了相关出版物。搜索基于“泌尿微生物组”、“膀胱癌”、“致癌作用”、“尿路上皮癌”和“下一代测序”等关键词。然后对检索到的出版物进行审查，以研究泌尿微生物组在膀胱癌发展中的贡献。研究结果分为四个部分，以加深对尿液微生物组的了解，并通过涉及 T 细胞和抗体的免疫反应的改变来强调其在膀胱癌出现中的作用。免疫系统和微生物组在维持健康和预防疾病方面发挥着至关重要的作用。操纵免疫系统是各种癌症治疗的一个关键方面，某些肠道细菌与免疫疗法的积极反应有关。然而，这些治疗对泌尿微生物组的影响，以及饮食和生活方式如何影响它，尚不清楚。该领域的研究可能对改善膀胱癌治疗和患者预后产生重大影响。