Abstract

Land use has a critical role to play in both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, and increasingly there have been calls to integrate policies for concurrently meeting Paris Agreement commitments and the UN decade on ecosystem restoration 2021–2030. Currently however, investment activities have been dominated by climate change mitigation activities, including through the development of carbon markets (both voluntary and compliance markets). Whilst climate change mitigation is to be welcomed, the prioritization of carbon in avoided deforestation and reforestation can lead to suboptimal or negative outcomes for biodiversity. Restoration of degraded native vegetation may provide an opportunity for concurrent production of both carbon and biodiversity benefits, by harnessing existing carbon markets without the need to trade-off biodiversity outcomes. Here we demonstrate that carbon sequestered by restoring degraded temperate woodland can pay the price of the restored biodiversity. This is shown using conservative carbon prices in an established market (during both a voluntary and compliance market phase), and the restoration price revealed by a 10-year conservation incentive payment scheme. When recovery rates are high, market prices for carbon could pay the full price of restoration, with additional independent investment needed in cases where recovery trajectories are slower. Using carbon markets to fund restoration of degraded native vegetation thereby provides a solution for constrained resources and problematic trade-offs between carbon and biodiversity outcomes. Multi-attribute markets offer the potential to greatly increase the extent of restoration for biodiversity conservation, while providing an affordable source of carbon sequestration and enhancing economic benefits to landowners.

中文翻译：

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具有生物多样性和碳增益的碳保护：碳可以支付，但生物多样性必须领先

摘要

土地利用在减缓气候变化和保护生物多样性方面发挥着关键作用，越来越多的人呼吁整合政策，以同时履行《巴黎协定》的承诺和联合国生态系统恢复十年（2021-2030）。然而，目前投资活动以减缓气候变化活动为主，包括通过发展碳市场（自愿市场和合规市场）。虽然减缓气候变化值得欢迎，但在避免砍伐森林和重新造林时优先考虑碳可能会导致生物多样性不理想或产生负面结果。恢复退化的原生植被可以通过利用现有的碳市场而无需权衡生物多样性成果，从而提供同时产生碳和生物多样性效益的机会。在这里，我们证明，通过恢复退化的温带林地固碳可以付出恢复生物多样性的代价。这是使用既定市场中保守的碳价格（在自愿和合规市场阶段）以及十年保护激励支付计划揭示的恢复价格来显示的。当回收率较高时，碳的市场价格可以支付恢复的全部费用，如果恢复轨迹较慢，则需要额外的独立投资。利用碳市场为退化的原生植被的恢复提供资金，从而为有限的资源以及碳与生物多样性成果之间的问题权衡提供了解决方案。多属性市场有可能大大提高生物多样性保护的恢复程度，同时提供负担得起的碳固存来源并提高土地所有者的经济效益。