After the sudden and violent death of a loved one, many bereaved experience symptoms of prolonged grief (PG) and posttraumatic stress (PTS). The present study investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of grief-related rumination with PG and PTS symptoms among bereaved parents and siblings after the Utøya terror attack in Norway on 22 July 2011 (N = 110, M_age = 43.2 years, 59.1% female). Participants' responses on the Rumination Scale, the Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised 28, 40 and 102 months after the loss were analysed. Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, grief-related rumination was positively and strongly linked with PG and PTS symptoms. When controlling for the baseline levels of PG and PTS symptoms and demographics of the sample, grief-related rumination predicted PG symptoms after 12 months but not after 74 months. Further, grief-related rumination predicted significantly the PTS symptoms of avoidance after 12 and 74 months and hyperarousal after 74 months beyond sample demographics and baseline symptoms. The results suggest that grief-related rumination is an important factor in PG and PTS symptoms after traumatic bereavement.

中文翻译：

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与悲伤相关的沉思与长期悲伤和创伤后应激症状的关联：对 2011 年挪威恐怖袭击后失去亲人的纵向研究

在亲人突然暴力死亡后，许多失去亲人的人会经历长期悲伤（PG）和创伤后应激障碍（PTS）的症状。本研究调查了 2011 年 7 月 22 日挪威 Utøya 恐怖袭击后失去亲人的父母和兄弟姐妹中与悲伤相关的沉思与 PG 和 PTS 症状的横向和纵向关联（N  = 110，M_年龄 = 43.2 岁，59.1%女性）。分析了参与者在失去亲人后 28、40 和 102 个月对沉思量表、复杂悲伤量表和事件影响量表（修订版）的反应。从横向和纵向来看，与悲伤相关的沉思与 PG 和 PTS 症状呈正相关且密切相关。当控制 PG 和 PTS 症状的基线水平以及样本的人口统计数据时，悲伤相关的沉思可以预测 12 个月后的 PG 症状，但不能预测 74 个月后的症状。此外，与悲伤相关的沉思可以显着预测 12 个月和 74 个月后的 PTS 回避症状，以及 74 个月后的过度唤醒症状，超出样本人口统计数据和基线症状。结果表明，与悲伤相关的沉思是创伤性丧亲后 PG 和 PTS 症状的重要因素。