In biogeography, vicariance and long-distance dispersal are often characterised as competing scenarios. However, they are related concepts, both relying on collective geological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence. This is illustrated by freshwater fishes, which may immigrate to islands either when freshwater connections are temporarily present and later severed (vicariance), or by unusual means when ocean gaps are crossed (long-distance dispersal). Marine barriers have a strong filtering effect on freshwater fishes, limiting immigrants to those most capable of oceanic dispersal. The roles of vicariance and dispersal are debated for freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles. We review three active hypotheses [Cretaceous vicariance, Greater Antilles–Aves Ridge (GAARlandia), long-distance dispersal] and propose long-distance dispersal to be an appropriate model due to limited support for freshwater fish use of landspans. Greater Antillean freshwater fishes have six potential source bioregions (defined from faunal similarity): Northern Gulf of México, Western Gulf of México, Maya Terrane, Chortís Block, Eastern Panamá, and Northern South America. Faunas of the Greater Antilles are composed of taxa immigrating from many of these bioregions, but there is strong compositional disharmony between island and mainland fish faunas (>90% of Antillean species are cyprinodontiforms, compared to <10% in Northern Gulf of México and Northern South America, and ≤50% elsewhere), consistent with a hypothesis of long-distance dispersal. Ancestral-area reconstruction analysis indicates there were 16 or 17 immigration events over the last 51 million years, 14 or 15 of these by cyprinodontiforms. Published divergence estimates and evidence available for each immigration event suggests they occurred at different times and by different pathways, possibly with rafts of vegetation discharged from rivers or washed to sea during storms. If so, ocean currents likely provide critical pathways for immigration when flowing from one landmass to another. On the other hand, currents create dispersal barriers when flowing perpendicularly between landmasses. In addition to high salinity tolerance, cyprinodontiforms collectively display a variety of adaptations that could enhance their ability to live with rafts (small body size, viviparity, low metabolism, amphibiousness, diapause, self-fertilisation). These adaptations likely also helped immigrants establish island populations after arrival and to persist long term thereafter. Cichlids may have used a pseudo bridge (Nicaragua Rise) to reach the Greater Antilles. Gars (Lepisosteidae) may have crossed the Straits of Florida to Cuba, a relatively short crossing that is not a barrier to gene flow for several cyprinodontiform immigrants. Indeed, widespread distributions of Quaternary migrants (Cyprinodon, Gambusia, Kryptolebias), within the Greater Antilles and among neighbouring bioregions, imply that long-distance dispersal is not necessarily inhibitory for well-adapted species, even though it appears to be virtually impossible for all other freshwater fishes.

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大安的列斯淡水鱼类的生物地理学，并对相互竞争的假设进行回顾

在生物地理学中，替代性和长距离扩散通常被描述为相互竞争的情况。然而，它们是相关的概念，都依赖于集体的地质、生态和系统发育证据。淡水鱼就说明了这一点，当淡水连接暂时存在并随后被切断（替代）时，或者当跨越海洋间隙时（长距离扩散）时，它们可能会通过不寻常的方式迁移到岛屿。海洋屏障对淡水鱼类具有很强的过滤作用，将移民限制在那些最有能力在海洋中传播的鱼类。对于大安的列斯群岛的淡水鱼类，替代和扩散的作用存在争议。我们回顾了三个活跃的假设[白垩纪替代、大安的列斯群岛-阿夫斯海岭（GAARlandia）、长距离扩散]，并提出长距离扩散是一个合适的模型，因为对淡水鱼利用陆地跨度的支持有限。大安的列斯淡水鱼类有六个潜在的来源生物区（根据动物区系相似性定义）：墨西哥湾北部、墨西哥湾西部、玛雅地体、乔蒂斯区块、巴拿马东部和南美洲北部。大安的列斯群岛的动物群由来自许多生物区的类群组成，但岛屿和大陆的鱼类动物群之间存在强烈的组成不协调（> 90％的安的列斯群岛物种是鲤鱼目，而墨西哥湾北部和北部的<10％）南美洲，以及其他地区≤50%），与长距离传播的假设一致。祖先地区重建分析表明，在过去 5100 万年里发生了 16 或 17 次迁徙事件，其中 14 或 15 次是鲤鱼目迁徙事件。已发表的分歧估计和每个移民事件的可用证据表明，它们发生在不同的时间和不同的途径，可能是在暴风雨期间从河流中排出或冲入大海的植被筏。如果是这样，当洋流从一个大陆流向另一个大陆时，洋流可能会为移民提供重要的通道。另一方面，当洋流在陆地之间垂直流动时会产生扩散障碍。除了高盐度耐受性之外，鲤鱼还表现出多种适应能力，可以增强它们与筏一起生活的能力（体型小、胎生、新陈代谢低、两栖、滞育、自花受精）。这些适应可能还帮助移民在抵达后建立了岛屿人口，并在此后长期持续存在。丽鱼科鱼可能使用伪桥（尼加拉瓜海隆）到达大安的列斯群岛。鳝鱼（Lepisosteidae）可能穿越佛罗里达海峡到达古巴，这是一个相对较短的穿越过程，对于一些鲤鱼科移民来说并没有阻碍基因流动。事实上，第四纪移民的广泛分布（鲤鱼、冈布西亚、Kryptolebias）），在大安的列斯群岛和邻近的生物区之间，意味着长距离扩散不一定会对适应良好的物种产生抑制作用，尽管这对于所有其他淡水鱼类来说几乎是不可能的。