Due to their inherent advantages, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have greatly potential applications as bioactive materials in biosensors/biomedicine. However, the long-term and nonspecific accumulation in healthy tissues may give rise to toxicity, thereby impeding their widespread clinical application. Hence, it is imperative and noteworthy to develop biodegradable and clearable SiNPs for biomedical purposes. Recently, the design of multi-stimuli responsive SiNPs to improve degradation efficiency under specific pathological conditions has increased their clinical trial potential as theranostic nanoplatform. This review comprehensively summaries the rational design and recent progress of biodegradable SiNPs under various internal and external stimuli for rapid degradation and clearance. In addition, the factors that affect the biodegradation of SiNPs are also discussed. We believe that this systematic review will offer profound stimulus and timely guide for further research in the field of SiNP-based nanosensors/nanomedicine.

中文翻译：

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刺激响应型可生物降解二氧化硅纳米颗粒：从天然结构设计到生物应用

由于其固有的优势，二氧化硅纳米粒子（SiNPs）作为生物传感器/生物医学中的生物活性材料具有巨大的潜在应用前景。然而，在健康组织中的长期非特异性积累可能会产生毒性，从而阻碍其广泛的临床应用。因此，开发用于生物医学目的的可生物降解和可清除的 SiNP 势在必行且值得关注。最近，设计多刺激响应的 SiNP 以提高特定病理条件下的降解效率，增加了其作为治疗诊断纳米平台的临床试验潜力。该综述全面总结了可生物降解SiNPs在各种内外刺激下快速降解和清除的合理设计和最新进展。此外，还讨论了影响SiNPs生物降解的因素。我们相信，这篇系统综述将为基于SiNP的纳米传感器/纳米医学领域的进一步研究提供深刻的刺激和及时的指导。