In humans, the interindividual variability of clinical outcome following exposure to a microorganism is immense, ranging from silent infection to life-threatening disease. Age-specific immune responses partially account for the high incidence of infection during the first 28 days of life and the related high mortality at population level. However, the occurrence of life-threatening disease in individual newborns remains unexplained. By contrast, inborn errors of immunity and their immune phenocopies are increasingly being discovered in children and adults with life-threatening viral, bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal infections. There is a need for convergence between the fields of neonatal immunology, with its in-depth population-wide characterization of newborn-specific immune responses, and clinical immunology, with its investigations of infections in patients at the cellular and molecular levels, to facilitate identification of the mechanisms of susceptibility to infection in individual newborns and the design of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.

中文翻译：

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人类新生儿危及生命的感染：协调年龄特异性脆弱性和个体差异

在人类中，接触微生物后临床结果的个体差异是巨大的，从无症状感染到危及生命的疾病。年龄特异性免疫反应在一定程度上解释了生命前 28 天内的高感染率以及相关的人群高死亡率。然而，个别新生儿出现危及生命的疾病仍无法解释。相比之下，在患有危及生命的病毒、细菌、分枝杆菌和真菌感染的儿童和成人中，越来越多地发现先天性免疫缺陷及其免疫表型。新生儿免疫学领域需要对新生儿特异性免疫反应进行深入的人群范围表征，而临床免疫学领域则需要在细胞和分子水平上对患者感染进行研究，以促进识别。研究个体新生儿感染的易感性机制以及新的预防和治疗策略的设计。