Single-cell transcriptomics analysis is an advanced technology that can describe the intracellular transcriptome in complex tissues. It profiles and analyses datasets by single-cell RNA sequencing. Neurodegenerative diseases are identified by the abnormal apoptosis of neurons in the brain with few or no effective therapy strategies at present, which has been a growing healthcare concern and brought a great burden to society. The transcriptome of individual cells provides deep insights into previously unforeseen cellular heterogeneity and gene expression differences in neurodegenerative disorders. It detects multiple cell subsets and functional changes during pathological progression, which deepens the understanding of the molecular underpinnings and cellular basis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis of immune cells shows the regulation of immune response. Different subtypes of immune cells and their interaction are found to contribute to disease progression. This finding enables the discovery of novel targets and biomarkers for early diagnosis. In this review, we emphasize the principles of the technology, and its recent progress in the study of cellular heterogeneity and immune mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. The application of single-cell transcriptomics analysis in neurodegenerative disorders would help explore the pathogenesis of these diseases and develop novel therapeutic methods.

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神经退行性疾病细胞异质性和免疫机制的单细胞转录组学分析

单细胞转录组分析是一种可以描述复杂组织中细胞内转录组的先进技术。它通过单细胞 RNA 测序来分析和分析数据集。神经退行性疾病是通过大脑中神经元的异常凋亡来识别的，目前有效的治疗策略很少或没有，这已成为日益严重的医疗保健问题，也给社会带来了巨大的负担。单个细胞的转录组提供了对神经退行性疾病中先前不可预见的细胞异质性和基因表达差异的深入了解。它可以检测病理进展过程中的多个细胞亚群和功能变化，从而加深对神经退行性疾病的分子基础和细胞基础的理解。此外，免疫细胞的转录组分析显示了免疫反应的调节。研究发现，不同亚型的免疫细胞及其相互作用会导致疾病进展。这一发现使得能够发现用于早期诊断的新靶点和生物标志物。在这篇综述中，我们强调了该技术的原理，及其在神经退行性疾病细胞异质性和免疫机制研究中的最新进展。单细胞转录组学分析在神经退行性疾病中的应用将有助于探索这些疾病的发病机制并开发新的治疗方法。