Understanding the global impact of offshore wind farms (OWF) on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is crucial in developing sustainable energy transition pathways. This study takes a holistic approach, coupling a semi-systematic review with a novel analytical methodology, to consider the consequences of construction & operation of OWF deployment on biodiversity and ES. 314 pieces of evidence taken from 132 peer-reviewed studies provide the basis to determine the ecological and ES impacts. The process showed that construction impacts were predominantly negative across the ecological subject groups (52%), compared with positive impacts (8%) with several species of fish (e.g. brill, cod, dab, plaice) and some species of birds (e.g. common guillemot, northern fulmar, redhead) showing strongly negative trends. Operational phase impacts were more variable and could be either negative (32%) or positive (34%) depending on site specific conditions. More detailed investigations into fish, shellfish, humans and air-surface studies recorded a net positive effect of wind farm operations on these subject groups. Translation into ES outcomes identified that 14 ES are impacted by the construction and operation of OWF. The most substantially enhanced ES included effects on commercial fisheries and experiential recreation. Social acceptance toward new and hypothetical OWF was also strongly positive, irrespective of country location. Negative effects on ES, including existence values for culturally important groups, e.g., marine mammals and birds and the spread of non-native species, are potentially of most significance. Overall, this study finds more than 86% of possible offshore wind farm impacts on ES are still unknown. There was also a paucity of studies on the decommissioning of OWF and the impacts of deeper-water floating structures, with a bias in studies toward northern hemisphere and developed countries.

了解海上风电场 (OWF) 对生物多样性和生态系统服务 (ES) 的全球影响对于制定可持续能源转型途径至关重要。本研究采用整体方法，将半系统审查与新颖的分析方法相结合，考虑 OWF 部署的建设和运营对生物多样性和 ES 的影响。来自 132 项同行评审研究的 314 项证据为确定生态和 ES 影响提供了基础。该过程表明，施工对生态主体群体的影响主要是负面影响（52%），而对几种鱼类（如鲽鱼、鳕鱼、鲽鱼、鲽鱼）和某些鸟类（如常见的鲽鱼）的影响则为正面影响（8%）。海鸠、北风鹱、红发）表现出强烈的负面趋势。运营阶段的影响变化较大，可能是负面影响（32%），也可能是正面影响（34%），具体取决于现场的具体条件。对鱼类、贝类、人类和空气表面的更详细调查记录了风电场运营对这些主题群体的净积极影响。转化为 ES 结果后发现，14 个 ES 受到 OWF 建设和运营的影响。最显着增强的 ES 包括对商业渔业和体验式娱乐的影响。无论国家位于何处，社会对新的和假设的 OWF 的接受度也非常积极。对生态系统的负面影响，包括海洋哺乳动物和鸟类等具有重要文化意义的群体的存在价值以及非本地物种的传播，可能是最重要的。总体而言，这项研究发现，超过 86% 的海上风电场可能对 ES 产生的影响仍然未知。关于OWF退役和深水漂浮结构影响的研究也很少，且研究偏向于北半球和发达国家。