In its biblical context, the injunction stipulating that “the outsider who encroaches shall be put to death” seems to apply to any non-priest or non-Levite who tries to participate in the tabernacle services. This interpretation seems to have been adopted during the Second Temple period, as attested to by the Temple Scroll (11QTa). There is no source that states that an unauthorized entrant to the temple is subject to capital punishment, except for a gentile: Philo and Josephus write that a gentile who enters the temple court is subject to the death penalty. Several scholars propose that this punishment derives from a reinterpretation of the biblical injunction, and it seems that this interpretation originated during the Hasmonean rebellion. The claim that Herod innovated the injunction subjecting a gentile who ascended beyond the balustrade to death is difficult to accept.

中文翻译：

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“凡是外人侵犯的，必被处死”：民数记 18:7 及其在第二圣殿文献中的解释

在圣经的背景下，规定“侵犯的外人应被处死”的禁令似乎适用于任何试图参加圣幕礼拜的非祭司或非利未人。这种解释似乎在第二圣殿时期被采用，圣殿古卷（11QT）证明了这一点A）。没有资料表明，未经授权进入圣殿的人会受到死刑，但外邦人除外：斐洛和约瑟夫斯写道，进入圣殿法庭的外邦人会被判处死刑。一些学者提出，这种惩罚源于对圣经禁令的重新解释，这种解释似乎起源于哈斯蒙尼王朝叛乱期间。声称希律创新了将登上栏杆的外邦人处以死刑的禁令，这一说法很难令人接受。