Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a complex interstitial lung disease caused by chronic inhalation of a wide variety of antigens in susceptible and sensitized individuals, commonly associated with an occupational exposure. An impressive number of inciting antigens causing hypersensitivity pneumonitis have been found to cover a wide range of occupations. As working practices have changed over time, especially in industrialized countries, new names for occupational HP have emerged. This review emphasizes the main diagnostic issues arising from the high variability of clinical presentation and the broad spectrum of causal antigens. Furthermore, it provides an overview of current methods to unveil possible causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, highlights HP’s current diagnostic and treatment challenges and the remaining areas of uncertainty, and presents prevention strategies.

中文翻译：

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过敏性肺炎：复杂疾病的挑战

过敏性肺炎 (HP) 是一种复杂的间质性肺疾病，由易感和致敏个体长期吸入多种抗原引起，通常与职业接触有关。已发现大量引起过敏性肺炎的刺激抗原涵盖了广泛的职业。随着工作实践随着时间的推移而发生变化，特别是在工业化国家，职业 HP 的新名称已经出现。本综述强调了临床表现的高度变异性和致病抗原的广谱性所引起的主要诊断问题。此外，它还概述了揭示过敏性肺炎可能原因的当前方法，强调了 HP 当前的诊断和治疗挑战以及剩余的不确定领域，并提出了预防策略。