ion processes involve two variables that are often confused with one another: concreteness (banana versus belief) and specificity (chair versus furniture or Buddhism versus religion). Researchers are investigating the relationship between them, but many questions remain open, such as: What type of semantics characterizes words with varying degrees of concreteness and specificity? We tackle this topic through an in-depth semantic analysis of 1049 Italian words for which human-generated concreteness and specificity ratings are available. Our findings show that (as expected) the semantics of concrete and abstract concepts differs, but most interestingly when specificity is considered, the variance in concreteness ratings explained by semantic types increases substantially, suggesting the need to carefully control word specificity in future research. For instance, mathematical concepts (phase) are on average abstract and generic, while behavioral qualities (arrogant) are on average abstract but specific. Moreover, through cluster analyses based on concreteness and specificity ratings, we observe the bottom-up emergence of four subgroups of semantically coherent words. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence and theoretical insight into the interplay of concreteness and specificity in shaping semantic categorization.

中文翻译：

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具体、抽象、具体和通用概念的语义内容

离子过程涉及两个经常相互混淆的变量：具体性（香蕉相对信仰）和特异性（椅子相对家具或者佛教相对宗教）。研究人员正在研究它们之间的关系，但许多问题仍然悬而未决，例如：什么类型的语义表征具有不同程度的具体性和特异性的单词？我们通过对 1049 个意大利语单词进行深入的语义分析来解决这个主题，这些单词可以使用人类生成的具体性和特异性评级。我们的研究结果表明（正如预期的那样）具体和抽象概念的语义不同，但最有趣的是，当考虑特异性时，语义类型解释的具体性评级的差异大幅增加，这表明在未来的研究中需要仔细控制单词的特异性。例如，数学概念（阶段）平均而言是抽象和通用的，而行为品质（傲慢的）一般来说是抽象但具体的。此外，通过基于具体性和特异性评级的聚类分析，我们观察到语义连贯词的四个子组的自下而上的出现。总的来说，这项研究为具体性和特异性在塑造语义分类中的相互作用提供了经验证据和理论见解。