With the increasing concerns about the energy and environmental crisis, hydrogen, with the high energy density and cleanliness, has been widely regarded as one ideal energy carrier for adjusting the fossil fuel dependent energy system. In this context, extensive studies are focused on improving the efficiency of the sustainable hydrogen production, storage, and utilization coupled with the renewable energy. And it can be realized in electrolysis cells and fuel cell devices. Several electrochemical reactions are involved, such as water splitting (hydrogen/oxygen evolution: HER/OER) for hydrogen production, electroreduction of nitrogen/nitrate, and carbon dioxide to NH₃ and HCOOH (NRR, NO₃RR, CO₂RR) for hydrogen storage, and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for hydrogen utilization. However, the achieved efficiency of the hydrogen energy conversion is still unsatisfactory due to these intrinsically sluggish electrochemical reactions, which has spawned a revival of research interests in developing the electrocatalysts with high activity, selectivity, and durability. Therefore, various strategies have been established to construct effective electrocatalysts, such as coordination or architecture structure regulation, which will determine the intrinsic activity and the efficiency of mass transport, respectively. Besides, combined with the progress of characterization techniques and theoretical studies, insightful understanding of the electrocatalytic sites and reaction mechanism are also investigated, guiding the rational design of future electrocatalysts.

中文翻译：

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可持续氢能转换电催化剂的协调和结构调控

随着人们对能源和环境危机的日益关注，氢以其高能量密度和清洁性，被广泛认为是调整依赖化石燃料的能源体系的理想能源载体之一。在此背景下，广泛的研究重点是提高可持续氢生产、储存和利用以及可再生能源的效率。并且可以在电解电池和燃料电池装置中实现。涉及多种电化学反应，例如用于生产氢气的水分解（析氢/析氧：HER/OER）、氮/硝酸盐的电还原以及二氧化碳到NH ₃和HCOOH（NRR、NO ₃ RR、CO ₂ RR）用于生产氢气。储氢和用于氢利用的氧还原反应（ORR）。然而，由于这些本质上缓慢的电化学反应，氢能转换所达到的效率仍然不能令人满意，这引发了开发具有高活性、选择性和耐久性的电催化剂的研究兴趣。因此，已经建立了各种策略来构建有效的电催化剂，例如配位或结构结构调节，这将分别决定内在活性和传质效率。此外，结合表征技术和理论研究的进展，还深入了解电催化位点和反应机理，指导未来电催化剂的合理设计。