Nanoformulations of sulfur have demonstrated the potential to enhance plant growth and reduce disease incidence when plants are confronted with pathogens. However, the impact of nanoscale sulfur on microbial communities in close contact with the plant root, known as the rhizosphere, remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigate the impact of three formulations of sulfur; bulk sulfur, uncoated (pristine) sulfur nanoparticles, and stearic acid coated sulfur nanoparticles, on the rhizosphere of tomato plants. Tomato plants were additionally challenged by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Employing bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, along with recently in-house designed peptide nucleic acid clamps to facilitate the recovery of microeukaryote sequences, we performed a comprehensive survey of rhizosphere microbial populations. We found the largest influence on the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome was the presence of the fungal pathogen. However, sulfur amendments also drove state changes in the rhizosphere populations; for example, enriching the relative abundance of the plant-beneficial sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus. Notably, when investigating the response of the rhizosphere community to the different sulfur amendments, there was a strong interaction between the fungal pathogen and sulfur treatments. This resulted in different bacterial and eukaryotic taxa being enriched in association with the different forms of sulfur, which was dependent on the presence of the pathogen. These data point to nano formulations of sulfur exerting unique shifts in the rhizosphere community compared to bulk sulfur, particularly in association with a plant pathogen, and have implications for the sustainable use of nanoscale strategies in sustainable agriculture.

当植物遇到病原体时，硫的纳米制剂已被证明具有促进植物生长和减少疾病发生率的潜力。然而，纳米级硫对与植物根部（即根际）密切接触的微生物群落的影响仍知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们研究了三种硫配方的影响；番茄植株根际上的散装硫、未涂覆的（原始）硫纳米颗粒和硬脂酸涂覆的硫纳米颗粒。番茄植株还受到病原真菌尖孢镰刀菌 ( Fusarium oxysporum f) 的攻击。sp。番茄。利用细菌 16S rRNA 基因测序以及最近内部设计的肽核酸夹以促进微真核生物序列的恢复，我们对根际微生物种群进行了全面调查。我们发现对根际微生物组组成影响最大的是真菌病原体的存在。然而，硫修正也推动了根际种群的状态变化；例如，丰富对植物有益的硫氧化细菌硫杆菌的相对丰度。值得注意的是，在研究根际群落对不同硫改良剂的反应时，真菌病原体和硫处理之间存在强烈的相互作用。这导致不同的细菌和真核生物类群与不同形式的硫相关而富集，这取决于病原体的存在。这些数据表明，与散装硫相比，纳米硫制剂在根际群落中发挥了独特的变化，特别是与植物病原体相关，并且对可持续农业中纳米策略的可持续利用具有影响。