The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an important pest of pistachio causing direct damage to nuts during ripening, and in storage. We examined the tritrophic effects of 5 pistachio cultivars, representing the full range of kernel suitability for E. ceratoniae, on 2 larval parasitoids, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a gregarious, synovigenic, idiobiont, ectoparasitoid, and Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a solitary, pro-ovigenic, koinobiont, endoparasitoid. The suitability of pistachio cultivars for development and reproduction of the 2 parasitoids was closely correlated, despite their divergent lifestyles and developmental patterns, and paralleled variation in kernel suitability for host larvae. Although kernels of the most resistant cultivar reduced demographic parameters of the parasitoids, the potential impact on numerical responses was minor. Successful biological control of carob moth within the vulnerable period of nut ripening will likely depend on the functional responses of earlier generations of adult parasitoids emerging from other fruit and nut crops, or those released in an augmentation program.

中文翻译：

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三营养效应调节寄主对角豆蛾（鳞翅目：螟虫科）两种寄生蜂的适应性，侵染开心果仁

角豆蛾 Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller)（鳞翅目：Pyralidae）是开心果的重要害虫，在成熟和储存过程中对坚果造成直接损害。我们研究了 5 个开心果品种（代表了 E. ceratoniae 的全部籽粒适宜性）对 2 种幼虫寄生蜂的三营养效应：Habrobracon hebetor (Say)（膜翅目：茧蜂科）（一种群居性、滑液生成、独特生物、外寄生蜂和 Venturia canescens）格雷文霍斯特（膜翅目：姬蜂科），一种独居、促产卵、合体生物、内寄生蜂。尽管两种寄生蜂的生活方式和发育模式不同，但开心果品种对它们发育和繁殖的适宜性密切相关，并且籽粒对寄主幼虫的适宜性也存在平行变化。尽管最具抗性的品种的籽粒降低了寄生蜂的人口统计参数，但对数值响应的潜在影响很小。在坚果成熟的脆弱时期对角豆蛾的成功生物防治可能取决于从其他水果和坚果作物中出现的早期成虫寄生蜂的功能反应，或在增强计划中释放的寄生蜂。