Triazoles are among the most widely used fungicides in the world due to their efficacy against fungal crop diseases and their broad spectrum of action. Intensive use of triazoles has resulted in residual contamination in different compartments of agroecosystems and exposes non-target species to potential sublethal effects. Triazoles are known to be immunomodulators in medicine and therapeutic treatments, but very little data is available on their potential effect on immune parameters of non-target vertebrate species living in agroecosystems. In this study, we experimentally examined the impact of tebuconazole on three immune biomarkers (haemagglutination titre (HA), haemolysis titre (HL), and haptoglobin concentration (Hp)), as well as on the body condition of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Our results suggest that tebuconazole had very little, if any, effect on the studied immune parameters. However, further studies are needed to better assess the effect of tebuconazole on bird immunity because (1) experimental individuals were kept under optimal conditions and the impact of tebuconazole on immunity may occur under suboptimal conditions, (2) only one concentration of tebuconazole was tested and its effect could be dose-dependent and (3) other complementary immunological biomarkers should be studied, given the complexity of the vertebrate immune system. Current knowledge on the potential effects of triazoles on the immunity of wild farmland vertebrates is still largely insufficient. Further physiological and immune studies should be conducted to better understand the effect of triazole fungicides on farmland birds.

三唑类化合物因其对作物真菌病害的功效和广谱作用而成为世界上使用最广泛的杀菌剂之一。三唑的密集使用导致农业生态系统不同区域残留污染，并使非目标物种面临潜在的亚致死效应。众所周知，三唑类在医学和治疗中是免疫调节剂，但关于其对农业生态系统中非目标脊椎动物物种免疫参数的潜在影响的数据很少。在本研究中，我们通过实验检测了戊唑醇对三种免疫生物标志物（血凝滴度（HA）、溶血滴度（HL）和触珠蛋白浓度（Hp））以及对家麻雀（Passer Domesticus）身体状况的影响。 。我们的结果表明戊唑醇对所研究的免疫参数的影响即使有也非常小。然而，需要进一步的研究来更好地评估戊唑醇对禽类免疫力的影响，因为（1）实验个体保持在最佳条件下，在次优条件下戊唑醇对免疫力的影响可能会发生，（2）仅测试了一种浓度的戊唑醇并且其作用可能是剂量依赖性的；(3)考虑到脊椎动物免疫系统的复杂性，应该研究其他互补的免疫生物标志物。目前关于三唑类对野生农田脊椎动物免疫力的潜在影响的了解仍然很不足。应进行进一步的生理和免疫研究，以更好地了解三唑类杀菌剂对农田鸟类的影响。