Verb semantics has been widely approached as a dichotomy of manner and result. However, from a cognitive perspective, manner and result are often linked by intention, as captured by the ‘fulfilment type’ property formulated in the Realisation event domain in Talmy’s event integration theory. The four ‘fulfilment types’ (intrinsic-, moot-, implied-, and attained-fulfilment) indicate different degrees of result certainty in verbs. This study investigates whether manner/result complementarity is cognitively less dichotomous and more nuanced, as the four fulfilment types in verbs could indicate more than two mental representations of verbs. Through two psycholinguistic experiments, we examine whether fulfilment types influence the cognitive salience of manner and result in novel verb meaning interpretation (Experiment 1) and the semantic relatedness between English verbs with different fulfilment types (Experiment 2). Our results demonstrate that manner and result in the mental lexicon act less like a dichotomy but more like a cline. This blur between manner and result verb statuses has consequences for a language’s typological stance in the Realisation domain and implications for how Talmyan event research should be extended beyond well-studied Motion.

中文翻译：

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方式、结果和意图：基于履行类型的动词语义认知解释对事件类型学的影响

动词语义已被广泛视为方式和结果的二分法。然而，从认知角度来看，方式和结果通常通过意图联系起来，正如塔尔米事件整合理论中实现事件域中表述的“履行类型”属性所捕获的那样。四种“实现类型”（内在实现、实际实现、隐含实现和获得实现）表示动词结果确定性的不同程度。这项研究调查了方式/结果互补性是否在认知上减少了二分性并且更加细致入微，因为动词中的四种实现类型可能表明动词的两种以上心理表征。通过两个心理语言学实验，我们检查履行类型是否影响方式的认知显着性并导致新颖的动词含义解释（实验1）以及具有不同履行类型的英语动词之间的语义相关性（实验2）。我们的结果表明，心理词典中的方式和结果不太像二分法，而更像是一种循环。方式和结果动词状态之间的这种模糊对语言在实现领域的类型学立场产生了影响，并影响了塔尔米扬事件研究应如何扩展到经过深入研究的运动之外。