Effective collaboration between manufacturers, technology providers, and customers is an issue of critical importance in digital servitization ecosystems. Nevertheless, creating and implementing smart solutions is complex and instigates paradoxical tensions among ecosystem actors, often leading to hurdles and possibly failures. Though recent studies have focused on identifying these tensions, a comprehensive understanding of their interrelationships is necessary. This study aims to identify the paradoxical tensions that exist among companies in digital servitization ecosystems as well as unravel their interrelationships. To address these objectives, we apply a multi-method approach. First, a systematic review of the literature reveals 16 paradoxical tensions arising from inter-firm collaboration. Next, based on interviews with academic and industry experts, we assess the relationships among these tensions. In particular, we focus on the perspective of technology providers due to their importance in delivering smart solutions. Finally, we apply Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and fuzzy Matrices d’Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliqué a un Classement (MICMAC) to the experts' responses to define the interrelationships between the identified tensions and cluster them based on their driving and dependence power. We adopt a paradox theory lens to classify the identified tensions into four categories—i.e., learning, belonging, organizing, and performing—and provide a conceptual framework showing their cause-and-effect relationships. We reveal that paradoxical tensions in digital servitization ecosystems do not exist in isolation; rather, they are interconnected. Furthermore, we provide practical recommendations for managers to cope with such tensions as well as suggestions for future research.

制造商、技术提供商和客户之间的有效协作是数字服务化生态系统中至关重要的问题。然而，创建和实施智能解决方案是复杂的，并且会在生态系统参与者之间引发矛盾的紧张关系，常常导致障碍甚至可能失败。尽管最近的研究重点是识别这些紧张关系，但有必要全面了解它们之间的相互关系。本研究旨在确定数字服务化生态系统中的公司之间存在的矛盾紧张关系，并阐明它们之间的相互关系。为了实现这些目标，我们采用多种方法。首先，对文献的系统回顾揭示了企业间合作产生的 16 种矛盾的紧张关系。接下来，根据对学术界和行业专家的采访，我们评估了这些紧张关系之间的关系。我们特别关注技术提供商的观点，因为他们在提供智能解决方案方面非常重要。最后，我们将解释性结构建模（ISM）和模糊矩阵影响乘法应用分类（MICMAC）应用于专家的回答，以定义已识别的紧张局势之间的相互关系，并根据其驱动力和依赖力对它们进行聚类。我们采用悖论理论的视角将已识别的紧张分为四类——即学习、归属、组织和表演——并提供一个概念框架来显示它们的因果关系。我们揭示了数字服务化生态系统中矛盾的紧张关系并不是孤立存在的；而是存在的。相反，它们是相互关联的。此外，我们还为管理者提供应对此类紧张局势的实用建议以及未来研究的建议。