Breeding for resistant crops is a sustainable way to control disease and relies on the introduction of novel resistance genes. Here, we tested three strategies on how to use transgenes from wheat to achieve durable resistance against fungal pathogens in the field. First, we tested the highly effective, overexpressed single transgene Pm3e in the background of spring wheat cultivar Bobwhite in a long-term field trial over many years. Together with previous results, this revealed that transgenic wheat line Pm3e#2 conferred complete powdery mildew resistance during a total of nine field seasons without a negative impact on yield. Furthermore, overexpressed Pm3e provided resistance to powdery mildew isolates from our worldwide collection when crossed into the elite wheat cultivar Fiorina. Second, we pyramided the four overexpressed transgenes Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3d, and Pm3f in the background of cultivar Bobwhite and showed that the pyramided line Pm3a,b,d,f was completely resistant to powdery mildew in five field seasons. Third, we performed field trials with three barley lines expressing adult plant resistance gene Lr34 from wheat during three field seasons. Line GLP8 expressed Lr34 under control of the pathogen-inducible Hv-Ger4c promoter and provided partial barley powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance in the field with small, negative effects on yield components which might need compensatory breeding. Overall, our study demonstrates and discusses three successful strategies for achieving fungal disease resistance of wheat and barley in the field using transgenes from wheat. These strategies might confer long-term resistance if applied in a sustainable way.

抗性作物的育种是控制疾病的可持续方法，并依赖于新型抗性基因的引入。在这里，我们测试了三种关于如何使用小麦转基因在田间实现对真菌病原体的持久抵抗力的策略。首先，我们在春小麦品种 Bobwhite 的背景下进行了多年的长期田间试验，测试了高效、过表达的单转基因Pm3e 。与之前的结果一起，这表明转基因小麦品系 Pm3e#2 在总共九个田间季节中具有完全的白粉病抗性，并且对产量没有负面影响。此外，当与优良小麦品种 Fiorina 杂交时，过表达的Pm3e对我们全球收集的白粉病分离株产生了抗性。其次，我们在品种 Bobwhite 的背景下将四个过表达的转基因Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3d和Pm3f金字塔化，并表明金字塔系 Pm3a、b、d、f 在五个田间季节中完全抗白粉病。第三，我们在三个田间季节对三个表达小麦成株抗性基因Lr34的大麦品系进行了田间试验。GLP8品系在病原体诱导的Hv-Ger4c启动子的控制下表达Lr34，并在田间提供部分大麦白粉病和叶锈病抗性，对产量成分产生较小的负面影响，可能需要补偿育种。总的来说，我们的研究展示并讨论了利用小麦转基因在田间实现小麦和大麦真菌抗病性的三种成功策略。如果以可持续的方式应用这些策略可能会带来长期的阻力。