The Archaeological Site of Panama Viejo (Panama) comprises a protected area of 28 km² within present-day Panama City, on America's Pacific coast. In 1519, the Spaniards founded the city of Panama Viejo to secure a natural port in an area inhabited by indigenous peoples since at least the eighth century CE. The site, along the coastline and between two rivers, became a principal gateway for goods and people travelling between Europe and Pacific settlements to the east (Realejo) and the west (Trujillo, Lima, Arica). Within one century, however, Panama Viejo's natural port and freshwater infrastructure collapsed, leading to the city's relocation after corsairs attacked it in 1671. This study combines archaeological, geographical and historical analyses to explain how and why human interactions with the local environment made the settlement increasingly untenable.

中文翻译：

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对巴拿马维耶霍（巴拿马）港口倒塌和淡水资源退化的跨学科方法，1519-1671 年

巴拿马老城考古遗址（巴拿马）包​​括位于美国太平洋海岸现今巴拿马城内²⁸平方公里的保护区。 1519 年，西班牙人建立了巴拿马老城区，以确保该地区拥有一个天然港口，该地区至少自公元八世纪起就有土著居民居住。该遗址沿着海岸线，位于两条河流之间，成为欧洲和太平洋定居点东部（雷阿莱霍）和西部（特鲁希略、利马、阿里卡）之间货物和人员往来的主要门户。然而，在一个世纪之内，巴拿马别霍的天然港口和淡水基础设施崩溃了，导致该城市在 1671 年海盗袭击后搬迁。这项研究结合了考古学、地理和历史分析，解释了人类与当地环境的相互作用如何以及为何形成了定居点越来越站不住脚。