Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective. Novice drivers were largely considered careless, not clueless. This article is a case study in the United States of how a better understanding of the causes of novice driver crashes led to training countermeasures targeting teen driving behaviors with known associations with crashes. These effects on behaviors were large enough and long-lasting enough to convince insurance companies to develop training programs that they offered around the country to teen drivers. The success of the training programs at reducing the frequency of behaviors linked to crashes also led to several large-scale evaluations of the effect of the training programs on actual crashes. A reduction in crashes was observed. The cumulative effect has now led to state driver licensing agencies considering as a matter of policy both to include items testing the behaviors linked to crashes on licensing exams and to require training on safety critical behaviors. The effort has been ongoing for over a quarter century and is continuing. The case study highlights the critical elements that made it possible to move from a paradigm shift in the understanding of crash causes to the development and evaluation of crash countermeasures, to the implementation of those crash countermeasures, and to subsequent policy changes at the state and federal level. Key among these elements is the development of simple, scalable solutions.

新手司机发生车祸的风险极大。这导致 20 世纪人们无数次尝试开发可以降低碰撞风险的培训计划。然而，没有一个被证明是有效的。新手司机在很大程度上被认为是粗心，而不是无知。本文是美国的一个案例研究，旨在更好地了解新手驾驶员碰撞事故的原因，从而针对已知与碰撞事故相关的青少年驾驶行为制定对策。这些对行为的影响足够大和持久，足以说服保险公司制定他们在全国各地为青少年司机提供的培训计划。培训计划在减少与碰撞相关的行为频率方面取得了成功，也导致了对培训计划对实际碰撞的影响进行了多次大规模评估。观察到碰撞事故有所减少。累积效应现已导致州驾驶执照机构考虑将其作为一项政策考虑，在执照考试中纳入测试与碰撞相关的行为的项目，并要求对安全关键行为进行培训。这项努力已经持续了四分之一个多世纪，并且仍在继续。该案例研究强调了关键要素，这些要素使得从对坠机原因的理解的范式转变，到坠机对策的制定和评估，再到这些坠机对策的实施，以及州和联邦随后的政策变化成为可能等级。这些要素中的关键是开发简单、可扩展的解决方案。