Acreman et al. (Wetlands 42:63, 2022) reviewed evidence for ecological damage to the Doñana wetlands (UNESCO World Heritage Site [WHS] and Ramsar site), Spain, associated with intensification of groundwater use, particularly for agriculture. Acreman et al. presented a multistep methodology for evidence-based risk assessment that involves identification of conservation issues, and a systematic review of scientific evidence for ecological damage and its causes. However, they involved few local scientists, used a questionable methodology in stakeholder selection and involvement, used a flawed conceptual framework, and an incomplete literature review. We propose improvements to their methodology. They overlooked or misinterpreted key evidence, and underestimated the impacts that abstraction for irrigation for red fruits (mainly strawberries), rice and other crops has had on Doñana and its biodiversity. They reported groundwater level depletion of up to 10 m in the deep aquifer, but wrongly concluded that there is no evidence for impacts on the natural marsh ecosystem, the dune ponds or the ecotone. Groundwater drawdowns are actually up to 20 m, and have inverted the formerly ascending vertical hydraulic gradient in discharge areas. Phreatic levels have been lowered from 0.5 to 2 m in some areas. Groundwater abstraction has caused multiple ecological impacts to temporary ponds and marshes in the WHS, as well as to terrestrial vegetation, and should be urgently reduced. Furthermore, Acreman et al. focused on groundwater quantity while overlooking the importance of severe impacts on quality of both surface and groundwater, intimately connected to the use of agrochemicals for irrigated crops.

阿克雷曼等人。(Wetlands 42:63, 2022) 审查了西班牙多尼亚纳湿地（联合国教科文组织世界遗产地 [WHS] 和拉姆萨尔湿地）生态破坏的证据，该破坏与地下水使用集约化有关，特别是用于农业。阿克雷曼等人。提出了基于证据的风险评估的多步骤方法，其中包括确定保护问题，并对生态破坏及其原因的科学证据进行系统审查。然而，他们很少涉及当地科学家，在利益相关者选择和参与方面使用了有问题的方法，使用了有缺陷的概念框架，并且文献综述不完整。我们建议改进他们的方法。他们忽视或误解了关键证据，并低估了红色水果（主要是草莓）、水稻和其他作物灌溉的抽水对多纳纳及其生物多样性的影响。他们报告说，深层含水层地下水位枯竭高达 10 m，但错误地得出结论，认为没有证据表明对自然沼泽生态系统、沙丘池塘或生态交错带产生了影响。地下水位实际上下降了20 m，并且使排放区以前上升的垂直水力梯度发生了逆转。某些地区的潜水位已从 0.5 降低至 2 m。地下水抽取对世界人道主义调查中的临时池塘和沼泽以及陆地植被造成了多重生态影响，应立即减少。此外，阿克雷曼等人。重点关注地下水量，而忽视了对地表水和地下水质量严重影响的重要性，这与灌溉作物使用农用化学品密切相关。