Abstract

The study performed in 2019–2022 was aimed at the identification of the possibility and prospects of using resource-saving technologies in a six-field grain–fallow–row-crop rotation on ordinary black earth. Four technologies of field crop cultivation were tested, including the conventional technology, direct sowing, and two differentiated tillage systems. During the period of study, the prospects of resource-saving technologies with a complex of intensification tools were revealed. Compared with the conventional system, the yield increase in other technologies was 0.30–0.57 t/ha (11.0–21.0%). The maximum crop rotation productivity (2400 grain units/ha) was observed for the differentiated tillage technology combined with the use of intensification tools and exceeded that for the direct sowing by 200 grain units/ha (9.1%) and those for the conventional and resource-saving (with the extensive background) technologies by 380–610 grain units/ha. Based on the obtained results, the following technological operations have been proposed for the cultivation of field crops using a universal AUP-18.05 sowing unit (direct sowing of grain crops) or a Kuhn seeder (for sunflower): differentiated tillage in a crop rotation (including soil loosening by 25–27 cm using a PCh-4.5 chisel plow for sunflower and soybean, no autumn treatment for the bare fallow, and a direct sowing for barley and spring wheat) or direct sowing to provide the maximum recoupment of investments; application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of N40 (presowing introduction for spring wheat and barley or spring fertilizing of winter wheat); the main application of azophoska (N15P15K15) for the cultivation of sunflower and soybean; and a crop treatment with Bionex Kemi fertilizer, Phytosporin biofungicide, and Soligor fungicide (Borogum fertilizer for sunflower).

中文翻译：

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伏尔加河地区干旱条件下大田作物栽培技术操作优化

摘要

2019-2022年进行的研究旨在确定在普通黑土上六田粮休行行轮作中使用资源节约技术的可能性和前景。试验了常规技术、直播技术和两种差别化耕作制度等四种大田作物种植技术。在研究期间，揭示了具有复杂集约化工具的资源节约技术的前景。与常规系统相比，其他技术增产0.30-0.57吨/公顷（11.0-21.0%）。差异化耕作技术结合集约化工具的最大轮作生产力（2400粒单位/公顷）超过直播200粒单位/公顷（9.1%）以及常规和资源的产量- 节水（具有广泛背景）技术380-610粒单位/公顷。根据所获得的结果，提出了以下使用通用 AUP-18.05 播种机（粮食作物直接播种）或 Kuhn 播种机（向日葵）种植大田作物的技术操作：轮作中的差异化耕作（包括对向日葵和大豆使用PCh-4.5凿犁松土25-27厘米，对裸露休耕地不进行秋季处理，对大麦和春小麦直接播种或直接播种，以提供最大的投资回报；施用硝酸铵，剂量为N40（春小麦和大麦预播引种或冬小麦春施肥）；偶氮磷（N15P15K15）主要用于向日葵和大豆的种植；以及使用 Bionex Kemi 肥料、植孢菌素生物杀菌剂和 Soligor 杀菌剂（向日葵的 Borogum 肥料）进行作物处理。