The jump smash is the most aggressive manoeuvre in badminton. Racket parameters may be the key factor affecting the performance of jump smash. Previous studies have focused only on the biomechanical characteristics of athletes or on racket parameters in isolation, with less observation of the overall performance of the human-racket system. This study aims to explore the effects of different racket weights on neuromuscular control strategies in advanced and beginner players. Nonnegative matrix factorisation (NMF) was used to extract the muscle synergies of players when jumping smash using different rackets (3U, 5U), and K-means clustering was used to obtain the fundamental synergies. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analyses were used to establish links between synergy and motor performance, and surface electromyography (sEMG) was mapped to each spinal cord segment. The study found significant differences () in the postural muscles of skilled players and significant differences () in the upper-limb muscles of beginners when the racket weight was increased. Advanced players adapt to the increase in racket weight primarily by adjusting the timing of the activation of the third synergy. Combined synergy in advanced players is mainly focused on the backswing, while that in beginners is mainly focused on the frontswing. This suggests that advanced players may be more adept at utilising the postural muscles and their coordination with the upper-limb muscles to adapt to different rackets. In addition, the motor experience can help athletes adapt more quickly to heavier rackets, and this adaptation occurs primarily by adjusting the temporal phase and covariation characteristics of the synergies rather than by increasing the number of synergies.

中文翻译：

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高级和初级羽毛球运动员的球拍重量适应研究

跳杀是羽毛球运动中最具侵略性的动作。球拍参数可能是影响跳杀性能的关键因素。以往的研究仅关注运动员的生物力学特征或孤立的球拍参数，很少观察人体-球拍系统的整体性能。本研究旨在探讨不同球拍重量对高级和初学者运动员神经肌肉控制策略的影响。采用非负矩阵分解（NMF）提取球员使用不同球拍（3U、5U）跳杀时的肌肉协同作用，并采用K均值聚类获得基本协同作用。使用不受控歧管（UCM）分析来建立协同作用和运动表现之间的联系，并将表面肌电图（sEMG）映射到每个脊髓节段。研究发现显着差异（）在熟练球员的姿势肌肉中存在显着差异（）在初学者的上肢肌肉中，当球拍重量增加时。高级球员主要通过调整第三协同作用的激活时机来适应球拍重量的增加。高级选手的综合协同主要集中在后挥杆，而初学者的综合协同主要集中在前挥杆。这表明高级球员可能更善于利用​​姿势肌肉及其与上肢肌肉的协调来适应不同的球拍。此外，运动经验可以帮助运动员更快地适应较重的球拍，而这种适应主要是通过调整协同作用的时间相位和协变特征来发生的，而不是通过增加协同作用的数量来实现的。