On the basis of a comparative analysis of market risks (re)distribution between labour and management in public-service outsourcing in Italy and Denmark, this article examines different cross-national patterns of social solidarity in similar encompassing and co-operative employment relations regimes. It seeks to explain why similar inclusive and collaborative systems of public-sector employment relations are not functionally equivalent in preventing labour inequalities under market-making pressure, as predicted by the extant literature. The analysis demonstrates that variation between the countries considered was due to three interrelated factors which mutually reinforced each other in either virtuous (Denmark) or (semi)vicious (Italy) circles: (i) the availability of legislative loopholes; (ii) the cross-sectoral (public/private) organizational structure and strategy of trade unions and (iii) employers’ outward/inward orientation. The findings confirm the capacity of cross-sectoral public/private dynamics to either build or erode solidarity in inclusive systems, and they highlight the importance of incorporating the strategic agency exerted by unions and public employers as a crucial determinant of the granular differences emerging between similar models.

中文翻译：

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解释供应链中的各种社会团结：外包公共服务中的参与者、机构和市场风险分布

本文在对意大利和丹麦公共服务外包中劳动力和管理层之间的市场风险（再）分配进行比较分析的基础上，考察了相似的包容性和合作性雇佣关系制度中不同的跨国社会团结模式。它试图解释为什么类似的公共部门雇佣关系的包容性和协作性体系在防止市场压力下的劳动力不平等方面在功能上并不等同，正如现有文献所预测的那样。分析表明，所考虑的国家之间的差异是由于三个相互关联的因素造成的，这些因素在良性（丹麦）或（半）恶性（意大利）循环中相互加强：（i）立法漏洞的存在；(ii) 工会的跨部门（公共/私营）组织结构和战略；以及 (iii) 雇主的外向/内向导向。研究结果证实了跨部门的公共/私人动态在包容性体系中建立或削弱团结的能力，并且强调了将工会和公共雇主发挥的战略作用纳入其中的重要性，作为类似组织之间出现的细微差异的关键决定因素。楷模。