: Colorectal cancer affects 1 in 25 females and 1 in 24 males, making it the third most frequent cancer with over 6,08,030 deaths worldwide, despite advancements in detection and treatments, including surgery, chemotherapeutics, radiotherapy, and immune therapeutics. Novel potential agents have increased survival in acute and chronic disease conditions, with a higher risk of side effects and cost. However, metastatic disease has an insignificant long-term diagnosis, and significant challenges remain due to last-stage diagnosis and treatment failure. Early detection, survival, and treatment efficacy are all improved by biomarkers. The advancement of cancer biomarkers' molecular pathology and genomics during the last three decades has improved therapy. Clinically useful prognostic biomarkers assist clinical judgment, for example, by predicting the success of EGFR-inhibiting antibodies in the presence of KRAS gene mutations. Few biomarkers are currently used in clinical settings, so further research is still needed. Nanocarriers, with materials like Carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, provide targeted CRC drug delivery and diagnostics. Light-responsive drugs with gold and silica nanoparticles effectively target and destroy CRC cells. We evaluate the potential use of the long non-coding RNA (non-coding RNA) oncogene plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarker, along with the latest nanotech breakthroughs in CRC diagnosis and treatment.

中文翻译：

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用于治疗结直肠癌的分子标记、治疗和新型药物递送系统的最新方法：综合综述

：尽管手术、化疗、放疗和免疫治疗等检测和治疗方法取得了进步，但每 25 名女性中就有 1 名和每 24 名男性中就有 1 名结直肠癌，这使其成为全球第三大最常见的癌症，全球死亡人数超过 6,08,030 人。新型潜在药物可以提高急性和慢性疾病的生存率，但副作用和成本的风险更高。然而，转移性疾病的长期诊断意义不大，并且由于末期诊断和治疗失败仍然存在重大挑战。生物标志物可以提高早期发现、生存和治疗效果。过去三十年来，癌症生物标志物分子病理学和基因组学的进步改善了治疗方法。临床上有用的预后生物标志物有助于临床判断，例如，在 KRAS 基因突变存在的情况下预测 EGFR 抑制抗体的成功。目前很少有生物标志物用于临床，因此仍需要进一步研究。纳米载体采用碳纳米管和金纳米颗粒等材料，可提供靶向 CRC 药物输送和诊断。含有金和二氧化硅纳米颗粒的光响应药物可有效靶向并破坏结直肠癌细胞。我们评估了长非编码RNA（非编码RNA）癌基因浆细胞瘤变异易位1（PVT1）作为诊断、预后和治疗生物标志物的潜在用途，以及CRC诊断和治疗方面的最新纳米技术突破。