HIV prevention programs typically focus on changing individuals’ risk behaviors, often without considering the socioecological factors that can moderate this risk. We characterized HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Indonesia (n = 1314) using latent class analysis and used multinomial logistic regression to identify latent class relationships with demographics, social/sexual networks, and community-level socioecological indicators of HIV risk. Three HIV risk latent classes were identified—“Sexually Moderate” (n = 333), “Sexual Explorative” (n = 575), and “Navigating Complexities” (n = 406). Using “Sexually Moderate” (lowest risk) as the reference group, MSM in the “Sexual Explorative” class had additional social/sexual network-level risks (meeting partner(s) using both online and offline methods [RR = 3.8; 95%CI 1.7–8.6] or general social media and gay-specific online platforms [RR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.9–3.6] to meet partners, group sex [RR = 10.9; 95%CI 4.5–25.4], transactional sex [RR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.2–2.2]), and community-level risks (experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.1–1.9]). MSM in the “Navigating Complexities” class had additional social/sexual network-level risks (low social support [RR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1–2.5], less disclosure of their sexuality [RR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.0–1.9]) and community-level risks (higher internalized homonegativity scores [RR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.1–1.4], ever experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR = 1.4:95%CI 1.1–1.9], less exposure to HIV/STI health promotion [RR = 0.7; 95%CI 0.5–0.9], attending STI-related services in the past 6 months [RR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.4–0.8]). Co-occurring individual and socioecological risk recommend holistic HIV prevention strategies tailored to consider the social and structural conditions of MSM in Indonesia are needed.

艾滋病毒预防计划通常侧重于改变个人的危险行为，通常不考虑可以减轻这种风险的社会生态因素。我们使用潜在类别分析来描述印度尼西亚男男性行为者 (MSM) 的艾滋病毒风险 (n = 1314)，并使用多项逻辑回归来识别与人口统计、社会/性网络和社区层面的社会生态指标之间的潜在类别关系。艾滋病毒风险。确定了三种 HIV 潜在风险类别：“性温和”(n = 333)、“性探索”(n = 575) 和“应对复杂性”(n = 406)。使用“性中等”（最低风险）作为参考组，“性探索”类别中的 MSM 具有额外的社交/性网络级别风险（使用线上和线下方法结识伴侣 [RR = 3.8；95% CI 1.7–8.6] 或一般社交媒体和同性恋特定在线平台 [RR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.9–3.6] 结识伴侣、群体性行为 [RR = 10.9; 95%CI 4.5–25.4]、交易性行为 [RR = 1.6；95% CI 1.2–2.2]），以及社区层面的风险（经历同性恋相关攻击[RR = 1.4；95% CI 1.1–1.9]）。“应对复杂性”类别中的 MSM 具有额外的社交/性网络层面的风险（低社会支持 [RR = 1.6；95%CI 1.1–2.5]，较少披露其性取向 [RR = 1.4；95%CI 1.0–1.9] ]）和社区层面的风险（较高的内在同性恋评分[RR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.1–1.4]，曾经经历过同性恋相关的攻击[RR = 1.4:95%CI 1.1–1.9]，较少接触HIV/STI健康促进 [RR = 0.7；95%CI 0.5–0.9]，在过去 6 个月内参加性传播感染相关服务 [RR = 0.6；95%CI 0.4–0.8]）。同时发生的个人和社会生态风险建议需要制定全面的艾滋病毒预防策略，以考虑印度尼西亚男男性行为者的社会和结构条件。