Human threats to biodiversity are prevalent within protected areas (PAs), undermining their effectiveness in halting biodiversity loss. Certain threats tend to co-occur, resulting in amplified cumulative impact through synergistic effects. However, it remains unclear which threats are related the most. We analyzed a dataset of 71 human threats in 18 013 terrestrial PAs of the European Union's Natura 2000 network, using a Joint Species Distribution Modelling approach, to assess the threats' co-occurrence patterns and potential drivers. Overall, threats were more frequently correlated positively than negatively. Threats related to agriculture and urbanization were correlated strongly with most other threats. Approximately 70% of the variance in our model was explained by country-specific factors, indicating the importance of local drivers. Minimizing the negative impact of key threats can likely reduce the impact of related threats. However, more research is needed to understand better the relationships among threats and, importantly, their combined impact on biodiversity.

人类对生物多样性的威胁在保护区 (PA) 内普遍存在，削弱了保护区阻止生物多样性丧失的有效性。某些威胁往往同时发生，通过协同效应导致累积影响放大。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些威胁最相关。我们使用联合物种分布建模方法分析了欧盟 Natura 2000 网络 18 013 个陆地保护区中 71 种人类威胁的数据集，以评估威胁的共现模式和潜在驱动因素。总体而言，威胁与正相关的频率高于负相关。与农业和城市化相关的威胁与大多数其他威胁密切相关。我们模型中大约 70% 的方差是由国家特定因素解释的，这表明当地驱动因素的重要性。最大限度地减少关键威胁的负面影响可能会减少相关威胁的影响。然而，需要更多的研究来更好地了解威胁之间的关系，更重要的是，了解它们对生物多样性的综合影响。