Many studies in economics use instruments or treatments which combine a set of exogenous shocks with other predetermined variables by a known formula. Examples include shift-share instruments and measures of social or spatial spillovers. We review recent econometric tools for this setting, which leverage the assignment process of the exogenous shocks and the structure of the formula for identification. We compare this design-based approach with conventional estimation strategies based on conditional unconfoundedness, and contrast it with alternative strategies that leverage a model for unobservables.

中文翻译：

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使用公式工具进行基于设计的识别：综述

许多经济学研究使用的工具或处理方法通过已知公式将一组外源冲击与其他预定变量结合起来。例子包括轮班共享工具以及社会或空间溢出效应的衡量标准。我们回顾了针对这种情况的最新计量经济学工具，这些工具利用了外生冲击的分配过程和识别公式的结构。我们将这种基于设计的方法与基于条件无混杂性的传统估计策略进行比较，并将其与利用不可观测模型的替代策略进行对比。