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Study of PM2.5 particles in the Gucheng, North China Plain: Morphology, mixing state, and source apportionment
Atmospheric Pollution Research ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2024.102055 M. Ihsan Danish , Xudong Wu , Fange Yue , Xiawei Yu , Zhouqing Xie
Atmospheric Pollution Research ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2024.102055 M. Ihsan Danish , Xudong Wu , Fange Yue , Xiawei Yu , Zhouqing Xie
The PM samples were collected at regular intervals from April to October 2017 at a meteorological station in Gucheng (GC) (39.08 N, 115.44E), Hebei Province, China. An important site in the North China Plains (NCP). The internal composition, mixing state, and elemental mapping were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope in scanning mode (STEM). Several core-shell (C–S) structures had sulfate and nitrate shells with mineral and sea salt cores, indicating particle aging and distant transport. The major water-soluble ions (WSIs) found were NH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Br, Cl, NO, NO, PO and SO. The three most dominant ions were NH, NO, and SO, with an average concentration of 16.02, 14.90, and 11.03 μg/m, respectively, accounting for more than 80% of the total WSIs in PM. Ion balance measurements showed that the PM were slightly acidic. [NO/SO] ratio of 1.11 shows a slightly high contribution from the mobile sources. The sea salt contribution was investigated by the molar ratio Cl/Na, which was slightly higher (1.9) than that for seawater (1.7), indicating an additional source, other than sea salt, for Cl and Na. The SOR was higher at all temperatures than NOR; SOR was strongly correlated with temperature, indicating gas-phase oxidation of SO to SO by OH radicle. The SO being positively correlated with NH suggests NHHSO and (NH)SO to be the dominant forms of SO present. Based on the internal structure, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, the major sources of sulfate were industrial emissions from the surrounding cities, also confirmed by the Hysplit backward trajectory analysis. Nitrates arise mainly from local vehicular and industrial emissions and ammonia from fertilizers and animal manure. The local emissions and the regional transport from Shanxi, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Beijing, and Inner Mongolia were the main contributors to PM particles.
更新日期：2024-01-23
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