Solitary bees are in constant decline due to climate change, pesticide toxicity, and habitat loss. Provision of nesting sites is an important conservation strategy. Various factors affect bee nesting, including parasitism, entrance orientation, nesting substrate type, and diameter. This study explored the impact of nesting substrate, cavity diameter, and entrance orientation on solitary bee nesting preferences. Additionally, it investigated the influence of landscape type and seasonality on bee nesting efficiency which is the ability of a bee to successfully establish nest. Trap nests were placed at eight locations, representing five landscapes (forest, desert, agriculture, peri-urban, and urban). These trap nests had five different nesting substrates (bamboo reeds, wooden blocks, wooden logs, mud blocks, and paper tubes). At each location, four traps were set in all directions. The results showed maximum cavity occupation in south-facing nests. Peri-urban landscapes were the most favored for nesting, followed by forests. Solitary bees primarily preferred bamboo reeds for nesting, with peak occupation from April to June. Bees favored cavities with 6- and 8-mm entrance diameters, while wasps occupied smaller diameters (< 5 mm). Overall, bee species occupied fewer nests compared to parasitic wasps. Future research should explore brood chamber numbers and species-specific nesting preferences for bees, along with the impact of cavity microclimate on bee growth.

由于气候变化、农药毒性和栖息地丧失，独居蜜蜂不断减少。提供筑巢地点是一项重要的保护策略。影响蜜蜂筑巢的因素有很多，包括寄生、入口方向、筑巢基质类型和直径。本研究探讨了筑巢基质、空腔直径和入口方向对独居蜜蜂筑巢偏好的影响。此外，它还研究了景观类型和季节性对蜜蜂筑巢效率（蜜蜂成功筑巢的能力）的影响。陷阱巢被放置在八个地点，代表五种景观（森林、沙漠、农业、城郊和城市）。这些陷阱巢穴有五种不同的筑巢基质（竹芦苇、木块、木原木、泥块和纸管）。每个地点，四面八方都设置了四个陷阱。结果显示，朝南的巢穴占据的空洞最大。城郊景观最适合筑巢，其次是森林。独居蜜蜂主要喜欢在竹芦苇中筑巢，四月至六月是筑巢高峰。蜜蜂喜欢入口直径为 6 毫米和 8 毫米的空腔，而黄蜂则喜欢入口直径较小的空腔（< 5 毫米）。总体而言，与寄生黄蜂相比，蜜蜂占据的巢穴较少。未来的研究应该探索蜜蜂的育雏室数量和物种特定的筑巢偏好，以及腔内微气候对蜜蜂生长的影响。