Inducing pluripotency in somatic cells is mediated by the Yamanaka factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. The resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine by virtue of their ability to differentiate into different types of functional cells. Specifically, iPSCs derived directly from patients offer a powerful platform for creating in vitro disease models. This facilitates elucidation of pathological mechanisms underlying human diseases and development of new therapeutic agents mitigating disease phenotypes. Furthermore, genetically and phenotypically corrected patient-derived iPSCs by gene-editing technology or the supply of specific pharmaceutical agents can be used for preclinical and clinical trials to investigate their therapeutic potential. Despite great advances in developing reprogramming methods, the efficiency of iPSC generation remains still low and varies between donor cell types, hampering the potential application of iPSC technology. This paper reviews histological timeline showing important discoveries that have led to iPSC generation and discusses recent advances in iPSC technology by highlighting donor cell types employed for iPSC generation.

中文翻译：

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诱导体细胞多能性：历史视角和最新进展。

体细胞的多能性诱导是由山中因子 Oct4、Sox2、Klf4 和 c-Myc 介导的。由此产生的诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）因其分化成不同类型功能细胞的能力而在再生医学领域具有广阔的前景。具体而言，直接源自患者的 iPSC 为创建体外疾病模型提供了强大的平台。这有助于阐明人类疾病的病理机制和开发减轻疾病表型的新治疗剂。此外，通过基因编辑技术或提供特定药剂对患者来源的 iPSC 进行基因和表型校正，可用于临床前和临床试验，以研究其治疗潜力。尽管在开发重编程方法方面取得了巨大进步，但 iPSC 生成的效率仍然很低，并且不同供体细胞类型之间存在差异，从而阻碍了 iPSC 技术的潜在应用。本文回顾了显示导致 iPSC 生成的重要发现的组织学时间线，并通过重点介绍用于 iPSC 生成的供体细胞类型来讨论 iPSC 技术的最新进展。