Leukemias are refractory hematological malignancies, characterized by marked intrinsic heterogeneity which poses significant obstacles to effective treatment. However, traditional bulk sequencing techniques have not been able to effectively unravel the heterogeneity among individual tumor cells. With the emergence of single-cell sequencing technology, it has bestowed upon us an unprecedented resolution to comprehend the mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis and drug resistance across various levels, including the genome, epigenome, transcriptome and proteome. Here, we provide an overview of the currently prevalent single-cell sequencing technologies and a detailed summary of single-cell studies conducted on leukemia, with a specific focus on four key aspects: (1) leukemia’s clonal architecture, (2) frameworks to determine leukemia subtypes, (3) tumor microenvironment (TME) and (4) the drug-resistant mechanisms of leukemia. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current single-cell studies on leukemia and highlights the markers and mechanisms that show promising clinical implications for the diagnosis and treatment of leukemia.

中文翻译：

---

在单细胞水平解码白血病：克隆结构、分类、微环境和耐药性

白血病是难治性血液恶性肿瘤，其特征是明显的内在异质性，这对有效治疗造成了重大障碍。然而，传统的批量测序技术未能有效揭示个体肿瘤细胞之间的异质性。随着单细胞测序技术的出现，它为我们从基因组、表观基因组、转录组和蛋白质组等各个层面理解白血病发生和耐药机制提供了前所未有的分辨率。在这里，我们概述了当前流行的单细胞测序技术，并对针对白血病进行的单细胞研究进行了详细总结，特别关注四个关键方面：（1）白血病的克隆结构，（2）确定的框架白血病亚型，（3）肿瘤微环境（TME）和（4）白血病的耐药机制。这篇综述全面总结了当前有关白血病的单细胞研究，并重点介绍了对白血病的诊断和治疗显示出有希望的临床意义的标志物和机制。