The names of plants convey information on their appearance (shape, structure, colour), taste or smell, their uses (practical, ceremonial, magical and medicinal) as well as the beliefs and convictions associated with them. Assuming that the particular features of plants, entrenched in their names, must have been important to language users for some reason, the analysis of plant names can help reconstruct traditional knowledge about plants. The author analyses the standard and dialectal names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra) in Polish, juxtaposing the plant’s features revealed in its names (linguistic data) with the cultural accounts associated with the plant (“with-linguistic” data). This allows for the reconstruction of the following features of the plant: (a) the appearance of the shrub, (b) the properties of its fruit, (c) the smell of the plant, (d) the place where it grows, (e) the time of harvesting, (f) its use in folk medicine and (g) the association of the plant with impure powers and diseases. The conducted analyses show that reaching for hard “linguistic evidence” (standard and folk names) makes it possible to compile hierarchies of the characteristics of the plants described. Situating these names against the background of “with-linguistic” data leads to the conclusion that folk nomenclature and folk knowledge enrich and complement each other. The vast number of names for the black elder with different onomasiological bases, presenting different points of view, also demonstrate the relationship between the degree of lexical differentiation and the cultural meaning of the plant. The ethnolinguistic analysis of the names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra), similarly to ethnobotanical studies of folk plant names, provides insights into past and contemporary uses of the plant. Thus, it can provide a starting point for further ethnobotanical research.

中文翻译：

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从该植物的名称到流行形象：黑接骨木（Sambucus nigra）的波兰语名称

植物的名称传达了有关其外观（形状、结构、颜色）、味道或气味、其用途（实用、仪式、魔法和药用）以及与之相关的信仰和信念的信息。假设植物名称中所包含的特殊特征由于某种原因对语言使用者来说一定很重要，那么对植物名称的分析可以帮助重建有关植物的传统知识。作者分析了波兰语中黑接骨木（Sambucus nigra）的标准名称和方言名称，将其名称中揭示的植物特征（语言数据）与与该植物相关的文化记录（“语言数据”）并列起来。这允许重建植物的以下特征：（a）灌木的外观，（b）其果实的特性，（c）植物的气味，（d）它生长的地方，（ e) 收获时间，(f) 其在民间医学中的用途，以及 (g) 植物与不洁力量和疾病的关联。进行的分析表明，获取确凿的“语言证据”（标准名称和民间名称）使得编制所描述植物特征的层次结构成为可能。将这些名称置于“有语言”数据的背景下，可以得出这样的结论：民间命名法和民间知识是相互丰富和互补的。黑接骨木的大量名称具有不同的专名学基础，呈现出不同的观点，也说明了词汇分化程度与植物文化意义之间的关系。对黑接骨木（Sambucus nigra）名称的民族语言学分析，类似于民间植物名称的民族植物学研究，提供了对该植物过去和当代用途的见解。因此，它可以为进一步的民族植物学研究提供一个起点。