High-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) systems are designed for seasonal storage of large amounts of thermal energy to meet the demand of industrial processes or district heating systems at high temperatures (> 100 °C). The resulting high injection temperatures or pressures induce thermo- and poroelastic stress changes around the injection well. This study estimates the impact of stress changes in the reservoir on ground surface deformation and evaluates the corresponding risk. Using a simplified coupled thermo-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) model of the planned DeepStor demonstrator in the depleted Leopoldshafen oil field (Upper Rhine Graben, Germany), we show that reservoir heating is associated with stress changes of up to 6 MPa, which can cause vertical displacements at reservoir depth in the order of 10–3 m in the immediate vicinity of the hot injection well. Both the stress changes and the resulting displacements in the reservoir are dominated by thermoelasticity, which is responsible for up to 90% of the latter. Uplift at the surface, on the contrary, is primarily controlled by poroelasticity with by two orders of magnitude attenuated displacements of << 10–3 m. Our calculations further show that the reservoir depth, elastic modulus, and injection/production rates are the dominant controlling parameters for the uplift, showing variations of up to two order of magnitudes between shallower reservoirs with low elastic moduli and deeper and more competent reservoirs. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the cyclic operation of HT-ATES systems reduces the potential for uplift compared to the continuous injection and production of conventional geothermal doublets, hydrocarbon production, or CO2 storage. Consequently, at realistic production and injection rates and targeting reservoirs at depths of at least several hundred meters, the risk of ground surface movement associated with HT-ATES operations in depleted oil fields in, e.g., the Upper Rhine Graben is negligible.

中文翻译：

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高温含水层热能储存的地表运动和储层变形风险（HT-ATES）

高温含水层热能储存（HT-ATES）系统设计用于季节性储存大量热能，以满足工业流程或区域供热系统在高温（> 100 °C）下的需求。由此产生的高注入温度或压力会引起注入井周围的热应力和孔隙弹性应力变化。本研究估计了水库应力变化对地表变形的影响并评估了相应的风险。使用枯竭的 Leopoldshafen 油田（德国上莱茵地堑）计划中的 DeepStor 演示器的简化热-水-机械 (THM) 耦合模型，我们发现油藏加热与高达 6 MPa 的应力变化相关，这可以导致紧邻热注入井的储层深度产生约 10-3 m 的垂直位移。储层中的应力变化和由此产生的位移均由热弹性决定，热弹性占后者的 90%。相反，地表的隆起主要受孔隙弹性控制，位移衰减了两个数量级 << 10-3 m。我们的计算进一步表明，储层深度、弹性模量和注入/生产率是隆起的主要控制参数，显示出低弹性模量的较浅储层与较深且能力更强的储层之间存在高达两个数量级的变化。此外，我们的研究结果表明，与传统地热双峰的连续注入和生产、碳氢化合物生产或二氧化碳储存相比，HT-ATES 系统的循环运行降低了抬升的潜力。因此，在实际的生产和注入速度以及针对至少几百米深度的储层的情况下，与在枯竭油田（例如上莱茵地堑）中的HT-ATES作业相关的地表运动的风险可以忽略不计。