Abstract

Neuropsychiatric disorders are clinical conditions that affect cognitive function and emotional stability, often resulting from damage or disease in the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders are a worldwide concern, impacting approximately 12.5% of the global population. The gut microbiota has been linked to neurological development and function, implicating its involvement in neuropsychiatric conditions. Due to their interaction with gut microbial communities, probiotics offer a natural alternative to traditional treatments such as therapeutic drugs and interventions for alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms. Introduced by Metchnikoff in the early 1900s, probiotics are live microorganisms that provide various health benefits, including improved digestion, enhanced sleep quality, and reduced mental problems. However, concerns about their safety, particularly in immunocompromised patients, warrant further investigation; this has led to the concept of “paraprobiotics”, inactivated forms of beneficial microorganisms that offer a safer alternative. This review begins by exploring different methods of inactivation, each targeting specific cellular components like DNA or proteins. The choice of inactivation method is crucial, as the health benefits may vary depending on the conditions employed for inactivation. The subsequent sections focus on the potential mechanisms of action and specific applications of probiotics and paraprobiotics in neuropsychiatric therapy. Probiotics and paraprobiotics interact with gut microbes, modulating the gut microbial composition and alleviating gut dysbiosis. The resulting neuropsychiatric benefits primarily stem from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication channel involving various pathways discussed in the review. While further research is needed, probiotics and paraprobiotics are promising therapeutic agents for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders.

中文翻译：

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益生菌和副益生菌：对微生物群-肠-脑轴的影响及其在神经精神治疗中的潜力

摘要

神经精神疾病是影响认知功能和情绪稳定性的临床病症，通常由中枢神经系统 (CNS) 损伤或疾病引起。这些疾病是全世界关注的问题，影响着全球约 12.5% 的人口。肠道微生物群与神经发育和功能有关，暗示其参与神经精神疾病。由于益生菌与肠道微生物群落的相互作用，益生菌为传统治疗（如治疗药物和缓解神经精神症状的干预措施）提供了天然的替代方案。益生菌由 Metchnikoff 在 1900 年代初推出，是一种活的微生物，可以提供多种健康益处，包括改善消化、提高睡眠质量和减少精神问题。然而，对其安全性的担忧，特别是对免疫功能低下患者的安全性，值得进一步研究；这催生了“副益生菌”的概念，即灭活的有益微生物形式，提供更安全的替代品。本综述首先探讨不同的灭活方法，每种方法都针对特定的细胞成分，如 DNA 或蛋白质。灭活方法的选择至关重要，因为对健康的益处可能会根据灭活条件的不同而有所不同。随后的部分重点介绍益生菌和副益生菌在神经精神治疗中的潜在作用机制和具体应用。益生菌和副益生菌与肠道微生物相互作用，调节肠道微生物组成并缓解肠道菌群失调。由此产生的神经精神益处主要源于肠-脑轴，这是一个涉及评论中讨论的各种途径的双向沟通​​渠道。虽然需要进一步研究，但益生菌和副益生菌是治疗神经精神疾病的有前途的治疗剂。