Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as elevated pressures in the pulmonary artery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization classifies PH into 5 distinct groups based on underlying etiology, pathology, and modality of treatment. Therapeutic approach may be challenging due to the extensive spectrum of causes and underlying mechanisms mediating PH. The 5 groups include pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1), PH secondary to left heart disease (group 2), PH secondary to chronic lung disease (group 3), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (group 4), and PH due to miscellaneous causes (group 5). Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of group 1 PH, there is a continued need to develop new therapies for all types of PH. Additionally, most treatments currently available improve functional capacity and symptoms but without a significant benefit in mortality. In this review, we aim to describe the various etiologies of PH and their established pharmacotherapies, as well as expand on emerging therapeutic options for each group.

中文翻译：

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肺动脉高压的药理学更新和新兴治疗方法。

肺动脉高压（PH）被定义为肺动脉压力升高，与显着的发病率和死亡率相关。世界卫生组织根据潜在病因、病理学和治疗方式将 PH 分为 5 个不同的组。由于 PH 的病因和潜在机制广泛，治疗方法可能具有挑战性。这5组包括肺动脉高压（第1组）、左心疾病继发的PH（第2组）、慢性肺病继发的PH（第3组）、慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压（第4组）和其他原因引起的PH（第 5 组）。尽管 1 类 PH 的治疗已取得重大进展，但仍然需要为所有类型的 PH 开发新疗法。此外，目前可用的大多数治疗方法可改善功能能力和症状，但对死亡率没有显着改善。在这篇综述中，我们的目的是描述 PH 的各种病因及其已建立的药物疗法，并扩展每个组的新兴治疗方案。