Following successful treatment in which problem behavior is reduced, it may reemerge as a function of changes in contextual stimuli or the worsening of reinforcement conditions for an alternative response. Although understudied, preliminary research suggests that simultaneous changes in contextual stimuli and reinforcement conditions may represent particularly exigent treatment challenges that create the condition for additive or superadditive relapse. The purpose of the present review was to systematically examine the relapse literature involving simultaneous changes in contextual stimuli and reinforcement conditions in relapse tests and experimental preparations arranged to evaluate their effect on response recovery. We identified 16 empirical articles spanning 27 experiments. Although all experiments included at least one condition that experienced a change in contextual stimuli and worsening of alternative reinforcement conditions, only two experiments included the comparison conditions needed to precisely evaluate additive and superadditive relapse. Our findings establish the preclinical generality of relapse effects associated with simultaneous changes to reinforcement conditions and contextual stimuli across a range of subjects, schedule arrangements, response topographies, reinforcers, and types of contextual changes. We make several recommendations for future research based on our findings from this nascent and clinically relevant subdomain of the relapse literature.

中文翻译：

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增强复兴范式的系统回顾

在成功治疗后，问题行为减少，随着环境刺激的变化或替代反应的强化条件恶化，问题行为可能会重新出现。尽管研究不足，但初步研究表明，情境刺激和强化条件的同时变化可能代表着特别紧迫的治疗挑战，为累加性或超累加性复发创造了条件。本综述的目的是系统地研究复发文献，涉及复发测试中情境刺激和强化条件的同时变化，以及安排的实验准备，以评估其对反应恢复的影响。我们确定了 16 篇实证文章，涉及 27 个实验。尽管所有实验都包括至少一种经历情境刺激变化和替代强化条件恶化的条件，但只有两个实验包括精确评估加性和超加性复发所需的比较条件。我们的研究结果确立了与一系列受试者的强化条件和情境刺激、时间表安排、反应拓扑、强化物和情境变化类型的同时变化相关的复发效应的临床前普遍性。根据我们在这一新兴且临床相关的复发文献子领域的发现，我们为未来的研究提出了几项建议。