The Ice Giants represent a unique and relatively poorly characterized class of planets that have been largely unexplored since the brief Voyager 2 flyby in the late 1980s. Uranus is particularly enigmatic, due to its extreme axial tilt, offset magnetic field, apparent low heat budget, mysteriously cool stratosphere and warm thermosphere, as well as a lack of well-defined, long-lived storm systems and distinct atmospheric features. All these characteristics make Uranus a scientifically intriguing target, particularly for missions able to complete in situ measurements. The 2023-2032 Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology prioritized a flagship orbiter and probe to explore Uranus with the intent to “...transform our knowledge of Ice Giants in general and the Uranian system in particular” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Origins, worlds, and life: a decadal strategy for planetary science and astrobiology 2023-2032, The National Academies Press, Washington, 2022). In support of this recommendation, we present community-supported science questions, key measurements, and a suggested instrument suite that focuses on the exploration and characterization of the Uranian atmosphere by an in situ probe. The scope of these science questions encompasses the origin, evolution, and current processes that shape the Uranian atmosphere, and in turn the Uranian system overall. Addressing these questions will inform vital new insights about Uranus, Ice Giants and Gas Giants in general, the large population of Neptune-sized exoplanets, and the Solar System as a whole.

冰巨行星代表了一类独特且特征相对较差的行星，自 20 世纪 80 年代末航海家 2 号短暂飞越以来，这些行星基本上未被探索过。天王星尤其神秘，因为它的极端轴向倾斜、偏移磁场、明显的低热收支、神秘的凉爽平流层和温暖的热层，以及缺乏明确、长期的风暴系统和独特的大气特征。所有这些特征使天王星成为科学上有趣的目标，特别是对于能够完成原位测量的任务而言。 2023-2032年行星科学和天体生物学十年战略优先考虑建造旗舰轨道飞行器和探测器来探索天王星，目的是“……改变我们对冰巨星，特别是天王星系统的认识”（美国国家科学院、工程院，以及起源、世界和生命中的医学：2023-2032年行星科学和天体生物学的十年战略，国家科学院出版社，华盛顿，2022年）。为了支持这一建议，我们提出了社区支持的科学问题、关键测量和建议的仪器套件，重点是通过原位探测器探索和表征天王星大气。这些科学问题的范围包括形成天王星大气层以及整个天王星系统的起源、演化和当前过程。解决这些问题将为我们提供关于天王星、冰巨星和气态巨星、大量海王星大小的系外行星以及整个太阳系的重要新见解。