In the realm of therapeutic peptides, tremendous progress has been achieved in the last two decades. The building block of peptides that is, ‘Amino Acid’ has been modified by various chemical modifications such as side-chain alteration in linear peptides, cyclization, back-bone modification, pro-drug moiety, conjugation with heterocycles, and natural products to make peptides a foremost candidate as a therapeutic drug. Since the advent of insulin in 1922, peptides have immensely affected the development of the pharmaceutical industry giving rise to the peptide-based drug industry. In recent years, peptides having antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antioxidant properties have developed. Also, it has now entered as a potent candidate in the field of oncology and also become a valuable tool as a radiolabeled peptide for the detection of various diseases. Generally, peptides were extracted from natural sources in the olden days, but presently work is directed towards finding alternate and sustainable ways for developing synthetic peptides. The present review covers the discussion about the historic evaluation of peptides, available effective synthetic processes, current advancements, use of bioinformatic tools, computational strategies, and the methodology to overcome the barrier for making peptides the potent candidate for the future world.

中文翻译：

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肽治疗潜力综述：合成方法、线性和环肽的进展以及克服挑战的策略

在治疗性肽领域，过去二十年取得了巨大进展。肽的组成部分，即“氨基酸”，已通过各种化学修饰进行修饰，例如线性肽中的侧链改变、环化、骨架修饰、前药部分、与杂环的缀合以及天然产物肽是治疗药物的首要候选者。自1922年胰岛素问世以来，肽极大地影响了制药工业的发展，催生了肽类药物工业。近年来，具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗衰老和抗氧化特性的肽已被开发出来。此外，它现在已成为肿瘤学领域的有力候选者，并且也成为作为放射性标记肽用于检测各种疾病的有价值的工具。一般来说，过去肽是从天然来源中提取的，但目前的工作方向是寻找替代且可持续的方法来开发合成肽。本综述涵盖了有关肽的历史评价、可用的有效合成工艺、当前进展、生物信息学工具的使用、计算策略以及克服使肽成为未来世界的潜在候选者的障碍的方法的讨论。