Airborne particles and pollutant gases are of increasing concern due to their adverse health effects, necessitating a thorough understanding of their composition, sources, spatial and temporal trends for effective air quality management. This study is part of a source apportionment study in Auckland, a dynamic urban environment with complex air quality challenges in an isolated Southern Ocean setting. Over the 2006–2016 period, concentrations of PM, CO, NO, and SO consistently decreased at all 4 monitoring sites indicating the impacts of control measures. The sources impacting the four sites were identified using the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) receptor model. Common sources affecting these sites included motor vehicles (both petrol and diesel), biomass burning, sea salt, sulphate/marine diesel, and soil/road dust. While motor vehicle emissions and biomass burning emerged as the primary contributors to PM, BC, NO, CO, and SO, motor vehicle contributions declined due to advancements in fuel formulation and engine technology despite increased vehicle numbers. Biomass burning contributed substantially to winter PM concentrations driven by domestic heating practices. However, the introduction of alternative heating technologies mitigated the upward trends in biomass burning emissions despite an increasing residential population. Soil/road dust contributions varied by site, influenced by meteorological conditions and local activities, with implications for site-specific air quality management. Sulphate/marine diesel concentrations exhibited seasonal variability, reflecting the impact of both shipping emissions and natural sources. Urban sulphate concentrations decreased due to regulations requiring the introduction of low-sulphur automotive gasoline and diesel fuels. Sea salt, a naturally occurring source, posed challenges for management efforts with concentrations trending downwards over time, possibly linked to climate patterns. This study's source apportionment analysis provides critical insights into Auckland's air quality. The findings inform policy development, air quality management, and health impact assessments, benefiting both the Auckland region and New Zealand as a whole. Ongoing monitoring and emissions reduction strategies, particularly targeting motor vehicles and biomass burning, are pivotal for enhancing air quality and public health in the region.

中文翻译：

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新西兰奥克兰细颗粒物（PM2.5）和气态污染物的长期趋势和来源解析

空气中的颗粒物和污染气体因其对健康的不利影响而日益受到关注，因此有必要彻底了解其成分、来源、空间和时间趋势，以进行有效的空气质量管理。这项研究是奥克兰源头解析研究的一部分，奥克兰是一个充满活力的城市环境，在孤立的南大洋环境中面临着复杂的空气质量挑战。2006年至2016年期间，所有4个监测点的PM、CO、NO和SO浓度持续下降，表明控制措施的影响。使用正矩阵分解 (PMF) 受体模型确定了影响四个站点的来源。影响这些地点的常见来源包括机动车辆（汽油和柴油）、生物质燃烧、海盐、硫酸盐/船用柴油和土壤/道路灰尘。虽然机动车排放和生物质燃烧成为 PM、BC、NO、CO 和 SO 的主要贡献者，但尽管车辆数量有所增加，但由于燃料配方和发动机技术的进步，机动车排放量有所下降。生物质燃烧对家庭供暖导致的冬季 PM 浓度有很大贡献。然而，尽管居住人口不断增加，替代供暖技术的引入缓解了生物质燃烧排放量的上升趋势。土壤/道路灰尘的贡献因地点而异，受气象条件和当地活动的影响，对特定地点的空气质量管理有影响。硫酸盐/船用柴油浓度呈现季节性变化，反映了航运排放和自然资源的影响。由于法规要求采用低硫汽车汽油和柴油燃料，城市硫酸盐浓度下降。海盐是一种天然来源，对管理工作提出了挑战，其浓度随着时间的推移呈下降趋势，这可能与气候模式有关。这项研究的源解析分析提供了有关奥克兰空气质量的重要见解。研究结果为政策制定、空气质量管理和健康影响评估提供了信息，使奥克兰地区和整个新西兰受益。持续的监测和减排战略，特别是针对机动车辆和生物质燃烧的战略，对于提高该地区的空气质量和公共卫生至关重要。