Bidirectional interactions between the immune system and the gut microbiota are key contributors to various physiological functions. Immune-associated diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity, and efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies, have been linked to microbiome variation. Although COVID-19 infection has been shown to cause microbial dysbiosis, it remains understudied whether the inflammatory response associated with vaccination also impacts the microbiota. Here, we investigate the temporal impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the gut microbiome in healthy and immuno-compromised individuals; the latter included patients with primary immunodeficiency and cancer patients on immunomodulating therapies. We find that the gut microbiome remained remarkably stable post-vaccination irrespective of diverse immune status, vaccine response, and microbial composition spanned by the cohort. The stability is evident at all evaluated levels including diversity, phylum, species, and functional capacity. Our results indicate the resilience of the gut microbiome to host immune changes triggered by COVID-19 vaccination and suggest minimal, if any, impact on microbiome-mediated processes. These findings encourage vaccine acceptance, particularly when contrasted with the significant microbiome shifts observed during COVID-19 infection.

中文翻译：

---

健康和免疫功能低下个体接种 COVID-19 疫苗后肠道微生物组的稳定性。

免疫系统和肠道微生物群之间的双向相互作用是各种生理功能的关键贡献者。癌症和自身免疫等免疫相关疾病以及免疫调节疗法的功效与微生物组变异有关。尽管 COVID-19 感染已被证明会导致微生物失调，但与疫苗接种相关的炎症反应是否也会影响微生物群仍有待研究。在这里，我们研究了 COVID-19 疫苗接种对健康和免疫受损个体肠道微生物组的暂时影响；后者包括原发性免疫缺陷患者和接受免疫调节治疗的癌症患者。我们发现，无论免疫状态、疫苗反应和队列的微生物组成如何不同，疫苗接种后肠道微生物组都保持非常稳定。稳定性在所有评估水平上都很明显，包括多样性、门、物种和功能能力。我们的结果表明，肠道微生物组对 COVID-19 疫苗接种引发的免疫变化具有弹性，并表明对微生物组介导的过程的影响即使有，也是最小的。这些发现鼓励了疫苗的接受，特别是与 COVID-19 感染期间观察到的显着微生物组变化相比。