Abstract

Cellulose nanofibers were isolated from pineapple crown waste by combined alkali and acid treatment method and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies. Furthermore, pineapple nanofibers were incorporated in Carbopol 934P containing ampicillin as model drug to prepare topical gel for treating skin bacterial infections. The preferred gel formulation was evaluated for particle size (150 ± 0.6 nm), polydispersity index (0.303 ± 0.02), and drug content (99.87 ± 0.34%). The gel formulation was also evaluated by in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, and antibacterial and histopathological study. The in vitro drug release from gel formulation and the aqueous solution of drug was observed to be 34% and 99% (in 12 h), whereas the drug with the flux rate of 4.7879 ± 0.010 and 4.13963.98 μg/cm²/h permeated through skin from the gel formulation and the aqueous solution of drug, respectively, as determined by ex vivo diffusion study. The antibacterial activity against E. coli exhibited controlled release of the drug as determined by zone of inhibition for gel formulation (9.3 mm) when compared to the ampicillin drug (14.4 mm) solution. Histopathological analysis displayed no signs of toxicity when observed after application of gel formulation on goat ear skin. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity study of pineapple nanofibers based on MTT assay did not show any toxicity on healthy Vero cells in the concentration range of 10–80 μg/mL. Hence, it can be concluded that pineapple nanofiber possesses the potential for topical drug delivery applications with good permeation.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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包埋氨苄青霉素的菠萝树冠废料纳米纤维凝胶在局部细菌感染中的分离、表征和评价

摘要

通过碱酸联合处理方法从菠萝树冠废料中分离出纤维素纳米纤维，然后通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和高分辨率透射电子显微镜研究进行表征。此外，将菠萝纳米纤维掺入含有氨苄青霉素作为模型药物的Carbopol 934P中，制备用于治疗皮肤细菌感染的外用凝胶。对优选的凝胶制剂的粒径（150±0.6 nm）、多分散指数（0.303±0.02）和药物含量（99.87±0.34%）进行了评估。还通过体外药物释放、离体药物渗透以及抗菌和组织病理学研究来评估凝胶制剂。观察到凝胶制剂和药物水溶液的体外药物释放分别为34％和99％（12小时内），而药物的通量率为4.7879±0.010和4.13963.98μg/cm ² /h通过离体扩散研究确定，凝胶制剂和药物水溶液分别渗透皮肤。与氨苄西林药物（14.4 mm）溶液相比，根据凝胶制剂（9.3 mm）的抑制区确定，针对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性表现出药物的受控释放。当在山羊耳朵皮肤上施用凝胶制剂后观察时，组织病理学分析显示没有毒性迹象。此外，基于MTT测定的菠萝纳米纤维的细胞毒性研究并未显示出在10-80 μg/mL浓度范围内对健康Vero细胞有任何毒性。因此，可以得出结论，菠萝纳米纤维具有良好渗透性的局部药物递送应用的潜力。

图形概要