This review was developed to provide a thorough and effective update on models relevant to esophageal metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinogenesis, focusing on the advantages and limitations of different models of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This expert review was written on the basis of a thorough review of the literature combined with expert interpretation of the state of the field. We emphasized advances over the years 2012–2023 and provided detailed information related to the characterization of established human esophageal cell lines. New insights have been gained into the pathogenesis of BE and EAC using patient-derived samples and single-cell approaches. Relevant animal models include genetic as well as surgical mouse models and emphasize the development of lesions at the squamocolumnar junction in the mouse stomach. Rat models are generated using surgical approaches that directly connect the small intestine and esophagus. Large animal models have the advantage of including features in human esophagus such as esophageal submucosal glands. Alternatively, cell culture approaches remain important in the field and allow for personalized approaches, and scientific rigor can be ensured by authentication of cell lines. Research in BE and EAC remains highly relevant given the morbidity and mortality associated with cancers of the tubular esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Careful selection of models and inclusion of human samples whenever possible will ensure relevance to human health and disease.

中文翻译：

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当前理解巴雷特食管和食管腺癌模型的前景和局限性

本综述的目的是对食管化生、不典型增生和癌变相关模型进行全面、有效的更新，重点关注巴雷特食管（BE）和食管腺癌（EAC）不同模型的优点和局限性。本专家评论是在对文献进行彻底审查并结合专家对该领域现状的解释的基础上撰写的。我们强调了 2012-2023 年的进展，并提供了与已建立的人类食管细胞系的表征相关的详细信息。利用患者来源的样本和单细胞方法，我们对 BE 和 EAC 的发病机制有了新的认识。相关动物模型包括遗传和手术小鼠模型，并强调小鼠胃鳞柱交界处病变的发展。大鼠模型是通过直接连接小肠和食道的手术方法生成的。大型动物模型的优点是包含人类食管的特征，例如食管粘膜下腺。另外，细胞培养方法在该领域仍然很重要，并允许个性化方法，并且可以通过细胞系认证来确保科学严谨性。鉴于与管状食管癌和胃食管交界处癌症相关的发病率和死亡率，BE 和 EAC 的研究仍然高度相关。仔细选择模型并尽可能纳入人类样本将确保与人类健康和疾病的相关性。