This study aimed to elucidate the distribution, transmission, and cross-contamination of during the breeding and milking process from dairy farms. The prevalence of 22.3% (301/1351) yielded 494 isolates; all isolates were type A, except for one type D, and 69.8% (345/494) of the isolates carried . and only 0.6% (3/494) of the isolates carried . detected throughout the whole process but without type F. 150 isolates were classified into 94 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes; among them, six clusters contained 34 PFGE genotypes with 58.0% isolates which revealed epidemic correlation and genetic diversity; four PFGE genotypes (PT57, PT9, PT61, and PT8) were the predominant genotypes. The isolates from different farms demonstrated high homology. Our study confirmed that demonstrated broad cross-contamination from nipples and hides of dairy cattle, followed by personnel and tools and air-introduced raw milk during the milking process. In conclusion, raw milk could serve as a medium for the transmission of , which could result in human food poisoning. Monitoring and controlling several points of cross-contamination during the milking process are essential as is implementing stringent hygiene measures to prevent further spread and reduce the risk of infection.

中文翻译：

---

奶牛场饲养和挤奶过程中产气荚膜梭菌的流行情况、毒素基因型分布和传播

本研究旨在阐明奶牛场饲养和挤奶过程中的分布、传播和交叉污染。患病率为 22.3% (301/1351)，产生 494 个分离株；除一种 D 型外，所有分离株均为 A 型，69.8% (345/494) 的分离株携带 。仅 0.6% (3/494) 的分离株携带 . 全程检测到，但未检测到F型。150株分离株被分为94个脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）基因型；其中，6个簇包含34个PFGE基因型，分离株占58.0%，揭示了流行病相关性和遗传多样性；四种 PFGE 基因型（PT57、PT9、PT61 和 PT8）是主要基因型。来自不同农场的分离物表现出高度的同源性。我们的研究证实，奶牛的乳头和兽皮存在广泛的交叉污染，其次是挤奶过程中的人员和工具以及空气引入的生奶。总之，生奶可能成为传播新冠病毒的媒介，从而导致人类食物中毒。在挤奶过程中监测和控制多个交叉污染点至关重要，实施严格的卫生措施以防止进一步传播并降低感染风险也至关重要。