INTRODUCTION

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), (Diptera, Tephritidae), endemic to the Indo-Asian region, is one of the world's most invasive and polyphagous pests of fruits and vegetables (White & Elson-Harris, 1992). This fruit fly species has the widest host range within the Bactrocera genus and has been recorded on more than 500 host plants (Allwood et al., 1999; Clarke et al., 2005; Liquido et al., 2015). Its extensive host range allows it to sustain populations both spatially and temporally all year round. Bactrocera dorsalis causes crop damage, which can have a major economic impact and lead to the loss of export markets. For example, in some cultivated species, such as mango and guava, up to 100% of fruit can be infested (Badii et al., 2015). Bactrocera dorsalis is highly competitive and can displace ecological niches of pre-established tephritid species, such as Ceratitis sp. or other Bactrocera sp. (Sauders, 1841) (Duyck et al., 2004; Ekesi et al., 2016; Hassani, 2017; Moquet et al., 2021; Mwatawala et al., 2006; Rasolofoarivao et al., 2021). This species often becomes the dominant generalist fruit fly species in invaded locations. This has occurred on islands in the Indian Ocean, such as Madagascar, Mauritius and La Réunion (Moquet et al., 2021; Rasolofoarivao et al., 2021; Sookar et al., 2021).

In Mayotte, B. dorsalis was first recorded in 2007 (De Meyer et al., 2010, 2012), but its host range, infestation rate and interactions with other species have yet to be investigated. In Mayotte, nine species of Tephritidae were recorded, including one endemic to the archipelago, Dacus etiennellus Munro, 1984 (De Meyer et al., 2012). Besides B. dorsalis, the known invasive fruit fly pests on the island include Dacus ciliatus Loew, 1862, which generally infests Cucurbitaceae (Ryckewaert et al., 2010); Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi, 1923), which is found on Solanaceae; and the polyphagous species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (De Meyer et al., 2012; Franck & Delatte, 2020). Other fruit fly species have been reported in Mayotte, including Dacus bivittatus (Bigot,1858) and Dacus vertebratus Bezzi, 1908, on Cucurbitaceae; and Trirhithrum nigerrimum (Bezzi, 1913) and Ceratitis malgassa (Munro, 1939), which attack a wide variety of different host plant families (De Meyer et al., 2012; Rasolofoarivao et al., 2021).

Agriculture is one of the principal activities in Mayotte. It provides a livelihood for around 60,000 people, a third of the population (DAAF Mayotte, 2021). Local agriculture supplies about 80% of the fresh fruits and vegetables consumed on the island (SISE/DAAF Mayotte, 2017). Most farmers use traditional agricultural and food systems called ‘Mahorais gardens’. These are small-scale agroforestry systems, which are multilayered and include various cultural associations (DAAF Mayotte, 2016). These systems often include fruit trees (mango, orange, etc.), fruit and leaf vegetables, roots and tubers, aromatic plants (vanilla, ylang-ylang, etc.), forage plants and other food crops.

Our aim was to identify the host range of fruit flies of economic importance in Mayotte and to determine the diversity of parasitoids that attack tephritid species. We focused particular attention on B. dorsalis, the most recent invasive species recorded on the island. To study the changes in fruit fly infestation over time, we compared infestation rates between two periods: 5–7 years and 12–14 years after the invasion of B. dorsalis.

中文翻译：

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对果蝇寄主范围的研究表明马约特岛橘小实蝇（Tephritidae）的感染率较低

介绍

东方果蝇，Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel，1912）（双翅目，实蝇科），印度-亚洲地区特有的，是世界上最具侵入性和杂食性的水果和蔬菜害虫之一（White & Elson-Harris，  1992） 。该果蝇物种在实蝇属中拥有最广泛的寄主范围，并已在 500 多种寄主植物上有记录（Allwood 等人，  1999 年；Clarke 等人，  2005 年；Liquido 等人，  2015 年）。其广泛的寄主范围使其能够全年在空间和时间上维持种群数量。橘小实蝇会造成农作物受损，从而产生重大经济影响并导致出口市场丧失。例如，在一些栽培品种中，如芒果和番石榴，高达 100% 的水果都可能被侵染（Badii 等，  2015）。橘小实蝇具有高度竞争性，可以取代预先建立的实蝇物种的生态位，例如实蝇属。或其他实蝇属sp。 （Sauders，1841）（Duyck 等人，  2004；Ekesi 等人，  2016；Hassani，  2017；Moquet 等人，  2021；Mwatawala 等人，  2006；Rasolofoarivao 等人，  2021）。该物种经常成为入侵地区的优势多食性果蝇物种。这种情况已经发生在印度洋岛屿上，例如马达加斯加、毛里求斯和留尼汪岛（Moquet et al.,  2021；Rasolofoarivao et al.,  2021；Sookar et al.,  2021）。

在马约特岛，橘小实蝇于 2007年首次被记录（De Meyer 等，  2010，2012 ），但其寄主范围、侵染率以及与其他物种的相互作用仍有待调查。在马约特岛，记录了 9 种实蝇科物种，其中包括一种群岛特有的Dacus etiennellus Munro，1984 年（De Meyer 等人，  2012 年）。除橘小实蝇外，岛上已知的入侵性果蝇害虫还包括Dacus ciliatus Loew, 1862，它通常侵染葫芦科植物 (Ryckewaert et al.,  2010 )；Neoceratitis blueescens (Bezzi, 1923)，发现于茄科植物；以及多食性物种Ceratitis headata (Wiedemann, 1824) (De Meyer et al.,  2012 ; Franck & Delatte,  2020 )。马约特岛也报道了其他果蝇种类，包括葫芦科的Dacus bivittatus (Bigot,1858) 和Dacus vertebratus Bezzi, 1908；Trirhithrum nigerrimum（Bezzi，1913）和Ceratitis malgassa （Munro， 1939），它们攻击多种不同的寄主植物科（De Meyer 等，  2012 ；Rasolofoarivao 等，  2021）。

农业是马约特岛的主要活动之一。它为约 60,000 人（占总人口的三分之一）提供生计（DAAF 马约特岛，  2021 年）。当地农业供应了岛上约 80% 的新鲜水果和蔬菜（SISE/DAAF 马约特岛，  2017 年）。大多数农民使用称为“马霍赖花园”的传统农业和粮食系统。这些是小规模的农林业系统，是多层次的，包括各种文化协会（DAAF 马约特，  2016）。这些系统通常包括果树（芒果、橙子等）、水果和叶类蔬菜、根茎类植物、芳香植物（香草、依兰等）、饲料植物和其他粮食作物。

我们的目的是确定马约特岛具有经济重要性的果蝇的寄主范围，并确定攻击实蝇物种的寄生蜂的多样性。我们特别关注了橘小实蝇，这是岛上记录的最新入侵物种。为了研究果蝇侵染随时间的变化，我们比较了橘小实蝇入侵后 5-7 年和 12-14 年两个时期的侵染率。