Diabetes mellitus, a most common endocrine disorder of glucose metabolism, has become a global epidemic and poses a serious public health threat with an increased socio-economic burden. Escalating incidence of diabetes is correlated with changes in lifestyle and food habits that cause gut microbiome dysbiosis and β-cells damage, which can be addressed with dietary interventions containing probiotics. Hence, the search for probiotics of human origin with anti-diabetic, anti-AGE, and anti-ACE potentials has gained renewed interest for the effective management of diabetes and its associated complications. The present study used an alloxan (AXN)-induced diabetic rat model to investigate the effects of potential probiotic Lacticaseibacillus casei MKU1, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus MKU3, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MKU7 administration individually on physiochemical parameters related to diabetic pathogenesis. Experimental animals were randomly allotted into six groups viz. NCG (control), DCG (AXN), DGM (metformin), DGP1 (MKU1), DGP2 (MKU3), and DGP3 (MKU7), and biochemical data like serum glucose, insulin, AngII, ACE, HbA1c, and TNF-α levels were measured until 90 days. Our results suggest that oral administration with MKU1, MKU3, or MKU7 significantly improved serum insulin levels, glycemic control, glucose tolerance, and body weight. Additionally, β-cell mass was increased by preserving islet integrity in Lactobacillus-treated diabetic rats, whereas TNF-α (~40%), AngII (~30%), and ACE levels (~50%) were strongly inhibited and enhanced sIgA production (5.8 folds) abundantly. Furthermore, Lactobacillus administration positively influenced the gut microbiome with a significant increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus species and the beneficial Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides fragilis, while decreased the pathogenic Proteus vulgaris and Parabacteroides distasonis. Among the probiotic treatment groups, L. pentosus MKU3 performed greatly in almost all parameters, indicating its potential use for alleviating diabetes-associated complications.

糖尿病是一种最常见的糖代谢内分泌疾病，已成为全球流行病，造成严重的公共卫生威胁，增加社会经济负担。糖尿病发病率的上升与生活方式和饮食习惯的改变有关，生活方式和饮食习惯的改变会导致肠道微生物群失调和β细胞损伤，这可以通过含有益生菌的饮食干预措施来解决。因此，寻找具有抗糖尿病、抗 AGE 和抗 ACE 潜力的人源益生菌对于有效治疗糖尿病及其相关并发症重新引起了人们的兴趣。本研究使用四氧嘧啶 (AXN) 诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型，研究单独施用潜在益生菌干酪乳杆菌MKU1、戊糖乳杆菌MKU3 和植物乳杆菌MKU7 对与糖尿病发病机制相关的理化参数的影响。实验动物被随机分为六组，即。 NCG（对照）、DCG (AXN)、DGM（二甲双胍）、DGP1 (MKU1)、DGP2 (MKU3) 和 DGP3 (MKU7)，以及血糖、胰岛素、AngII、ACE、HbA1c 和 TNF-α 等生化数据测量水平直至90天。我们的结果表明，口服 MKU1、MKU3 或 MKU7 显着改善血清胰岛素水平、血糖控制、葡萄糖耐量和体重。此外，经乳酸菌治疗的糖尿病大鼠通过保留胰岛完整性而增加了 β 细胞质量，而 TNF-α (~40%)、AngII (~30%) 和 ACE 水平 (~50%) 被强烈抑制并增强了 sIgA产量丰富（5.8倍）。此外，乳酸菌的施用对肠道微生物组产生了积极影响，显着增加了乳酸菌种类以及有益的一致拟杆菌和脆弱拟杆菌的丰度，同时减少了致病性普通变形杆菌和异状拟杆菌的数量。在益生菌治疗组中，戊糖乳杆菌MKU3 在几乎所有参数上都表现出色，表明其在缓解糖尿病相关并发症方面具有潜在用途。