Glyphosate (GLY), the most widely used herbicide active ingredient (AI) in the world, is frequently detected in aquatic environments where it can affect non-target organisms. Globally, more than 2000 commercial GLY-based herbicides (GBHs) are used to control weeds. Non-target organisms are exposed to complex pesticide formulations under real environmental conditions, but the co-formulants contained in GBHs are classified as so-called inert and inactive ingredients in terms of their biological effects. The main objective of this comprehensive review is to compile the results of aquatic ecotoxicological studies on the side-effects of GLY, GBHs, and their formulating agents. Based on the results demonstrated for a variety of plant and animal aquatic organisms, oxidative stress appears to be a major trigger for these adverse effects, affecting the integrity of DNA and other biochemical functions. Furthermore, there is evidence of impairment of various physiological and behavioral functions. Adverse effects of GLY and GBHs have been observed even at very low concentrations. There are also differences in the sensitivity of the aquatic organisms tested, even with similar lifestyles, habitats or identical taxa. The studies typically investigate the short-term effects of a single exposure to GLY/GBH on a single species, whilst in reality multiple applications of GBHs together with other pesticides are common during a cropping cycle. Moreover, the interactions between GLY/GBHs and other aquatic contaminants are rarely studied. Higher toxicity of GBHs compared to GLY alone has often been observed, demonstrating that co-formulants can be highly toxic on their own and markedly increase the toxicity of the GBH formulation. The possible impurities in GBHs, such as heavy metals, can cause additional problems for the environment and food safety. The widespread and massive use of GBHs leads to increased exposure and environmental hazards. In addition, the need for a revision of the risk assessment system is emphasized. According to the results of aquatic ecotoxicological studies, the current use and pollution of the aquatic environment by GLY/GBHs is highly problematic and cannot be considered environmentally sustainable. It is, therefore, necessary to at least tighten the permitted forms of use.

草甘膦 (GLY) 是世界上使用最广泛的除草剂活性成分 (AI)，经常在水生环境中检测到，它会影响非目标生物。全球范围内，有超过 2000 种基于 GLY 的商业除草剂 (GBH) 用于控制杂草。非目标生物在真实环境条件下接触复杂的农药制剂，但GBH中所含的助剂就其生物效应而言被归类为所谓的惰性和非活性成分。本次综合综述的主要目的是汇编关于 GLY、GBH 及其制剂副作用的水生生态毒理学研究结果。根据对多种植物和动物水生生物的研究结果，氧化应激似乎是这些不利影响的主要触发因素，影响 DNA 和其他生化功能的完整性。此外，有证据表明各种生理和行为功能受损。即使在非常低的浓度下，也观察到 GLY 和 GBH 的不利影响。即使生活方式、栖息地或相同的类群相似，所测试的水生生物的敏感性也存在差异。这些研究通常调查单次接触 GLY/GBH 对单一物种的短期影响，而实际上，在一个种植周期中，多次施用 GBH 与其他农药是很常见的。此外，GLY/GBH 与其他水生污染物之间的相互作用很少被研究。与单独的 GLY 相比，GBH 的毒性经常被观察到，这表明复合制剂本身可能具有剧毒，并显着增加 GBH 制剂的毒性。 GBH 中可能存在的杂质（例如重金属）可能会给环境和食品安全带来额外的问题。 GBH 的广泛和大量使用导致暴露和环境危害的增加。此外，还强调需要修订风险评估体系。根据水生生态毒理学研究结果，目前GLY/GBHs对水生环境的使用和污染问题严重，不能被认为是环境可持续的。因此，至少有必要收紧允许的使用形式。