MXene, a novel class of 2D materials, has garnered widespread attention from researchers worldwide due to its remarkable physicochemical properties. Its exceptional physical, chemical, optical, and electronic characteristics have opened up exciting possibilities for its application in biomedical fields. The easily modifiable surface makes it particularly attractive to be used in nanomedicine as the surface can be made hydrophilic, with facile drug loading, for imaging, anti-microbial, and photothermal applications. To fully harness its potential in the biomedical field, a comprehensive understanding of its toxicological effect is of utmost importance. This review presents a concise introduction to MXene, encompassing commonly employed synthesis procedures, followed by an in-depth exploration of biomedical studies conducted on diverse MAX and MXene phases. The use of MXene has been discussed as a cancer theranostic agent followed by its toxicity evaluation in microorganisms, zebrafish, in vitro, and in vivo toxicity. Additionally, the review emphasizes the need to advance and standardize the toxicity study. This review provides an overview on the various toxicological aspects related to the MXene nanostructures and advocates their utilization in the near future.

中文翻译：

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用于高级治疗诊断应用的钛基 MXene 纳米材料的临床前毒性评估

MXene是一类新型的2D材料，由于其卓越的物理化学性质，引起了全世界研究人员的广泛关注。其卓越的物理、化学、光学和电子特性为其在生物医学领域的应用开辟了令人兴奋的可能性。易于修饰的表面使其在纳米医学中的应用特别有吸引力，因为该表面可以制成亲水性的，并且易于载药，用于成像、抗菌和光热应用。为了充分发挥其在生物医学领域的潜力，全面了解其毒理学作用至关重要。本综述对 MXene 进行了简要介绍，包括常用的合成程序，然后深入探讨了在不同 MAX 和 MXene 相上进行的生物医学研究。MXene 作为癌症治疗诊断剂的用途已被讨论，随后对其在微生物、斑马鱼、体外和体内毒性中的毒性进行了评估。此外，审查强调需要推进毒性研究并使之标准化。本综述概述了与 MXene 纳米结构相关的各种毒理学方面，并提倡在不久的将来使用它们。