Ethnicity and social class are two of the main axes stratifying life chances in developed societies. Nevertheless, knowledge of the integration of ethnic minorities into the pattern of class reproduction remains incipient as evidence stems mostly from studies concentrating on specific ethnicities or single host countries. This article advances this knowledge by providing a comparative perspective on the intergenerational occupational mobility of second-generation immigrants and the majority population across 26 European countries. Drawing on pooled data from the European Social Survey (2004–2018), the article demonstrates that ethnic penalties arise for employment and occupational mobility in many countries, however, with crucial differences across and—to a smaller extent—within major country groups. Across countries, ethnic barriers for the second generation are connected to their social integration in the host society and the composition of the first migrant generation, emphasizing the importance of familial and social support for social advancement. By contrast, I detect no link between anti-immigration norms and ethnic penalties, and only mixed evidence for the role of integration policy. The article concludes that ‘ethnicity matters’ in many European societies, even if ethnic cleavages vary according to the composition of migrant populations and the context in the host society.

中文翻译：

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同样的社交电梯？欧洲第二代移民的代际阶级流动

种族和社会阶层是发达社会中生活机会分层的两个主轴。然而，关于少数民族融入阶级再生产模式的知识仍然处于初级阶段，因为证据主要来自针对特定民族或单一东道国的研究。本文通过对 26 个欧洲国家第二代移民和大多数人口的代际职业流动性进行比较，加深了对这一知识的认识。本文利用欧洲社会调查（2004-2018）的汇总数据表明，许多国家的就业和职业流动性都存在种族惩罚，但在主要国家集团之间以及（在较小程度上）主要国家集团内部存在重大差异。在各个国家，第二代人的种族障碍与他们在东道国社会的社会融入以及第一代移民的构成有关，强调了家庭和社会支持对社会进步的重要性。相比之下，我发现反移民规范和种族惩罚之间没有任何联系，只有混合政策的作用的证据。文章的结论是，在许多欧洲社会，“种族很重要”，即使种族分歧根据移民人口的构成和东道国社会的背景而有所不同。